Visa and MasteCard Antitrust1 Essay Example For Students

Visa and MasteCard Antitrust1 Essay Duality, Monopoly and Government Failure Duality or unlawful strategic approaches which one added to Visa and MasterCard accomplishing more than seventy-five percent of pieces of the pie. Who is truly to fault for Visa and MasterCard acquiring the capacity to corner the market; the administration; part banks; or Visa and MasterCard coordinated effort. The Department of Justice examination will deliver numerous issues to intently survey and consider. Exploring the courts transcript, discharged by the Department of Justice on the administrations antitrust case examination; United States of America stanzas Visa International and MasterCard International Incorporated. uncovers how the administration may have been a significant supporter of Visa and MasterCard viably getting market intensity of the broadly useful card systems. The administration ought to have assessed the Worthens suit all the more intently. At the point when the Worthen Bank of Arkansas, a Visa part bank, needed to issue MasterCards universally useful cards, Visa received Bylaw 2.16 denying individuals bank from giving some other system card. Worthen sued Visa; expressing the Bylaw 2.16 damaged segment 1 of the Sherman Act. The courts concurred with Worthen; expressing standing rule 2.16 in itself was essentially an infringement of the Sherman Act and controlled judgment for Worthens sake. In any case, the Eighth Circuit court turned around the choice and sent the c ase for retrial utilizing the standard of reason as the establishment. While anticipating trail Visa needed to force an increasingly prohibitive local law, so they solicited the Department from Justice to survey their new proposed Business Review letter. The new arrangement would not just deny individuals from giving other broadly useful cards, yet in addition disallow banks from giving card acknowledgment administration to some other card by and by in presence or card that may create later on too. The Department of Justice expressed, it could bolster the more prohibitive local law of Visa part banking just issue Visa cards, however it was worried about the limitation of banks giving card acknowledgment administrations to vendors for the two systems. The Department of Justice accepted the ordinance may cripple the section of new financial cards and perhaps diminish rivalry in the business. Before the case was retried, Visas Board of Directories toppled Visas General Counsel choice a nd allowed Visa part banks to issue MasterCards broadly useful cards and MasterCards Board of Directories consented to permit their part banks to give Visas universally useful cards. The legislature had no issues with Visa and MasterCard joint endeavor of permitting covering possession and the double overseeing structure of the banks, that later got known as duality. Both Visa and MasterCard Board of Directors sent the Department of Justice letters expressing their business expectations; the letter expressed, when one board acts concerning an issue the consequences of those activities are dispersed to the individuals that are individuals in the two associations. Subsequently, every one of the affiliations is a fishbowl and workplaces and board individuals know o f what the other is doing, significantly more so than in the typical professional workplace. One focal point to consider is, if the administration could predict the negative externalities that Visas Business Review arrangeme nt would have available structure, for what reason did it not anticipate the full ramifications that duality would have in the business? Visa and MasterCard may have at first gone into an affiliation, since they accepted duality would be the most straightforward and quickest method of settling their lawful contrasts. They had no idea of the effect their choice would have on the business and market structure. On a few events, part banks abused both area 1and 2 of the Sherman Act. In spite of the fact that there were no composed arrangements or protects in set forestalling Visa and MasterCard from going up against one another, administering banks would frequently dismiss any usage of or decline to interests in any serious activities proposed by the different management.Officials at the most elevated level of Visa and MasterCard enterprises have freely and having sworn to tell the truth recognize co-proprietorship and administration has fundamentally diminished rivalry. Visas Internati onal president and Chief Executive Officer affirmed, Visa was a superior association before duality. He likewise expressed their gatherings of banks needed to help Visa and go beat up MasterCard and the individuals who bolstered MasterCard banks needed to go beat up on Visa. In any case, it was difficult for them to make a forceful stride against one another, on the grounds that some Board of Directors was an individual from the two banks and they would not permit any opposition. The President of MasterCard International and General Counsel composed a letter to the Department of Justice guaranteeing part banks saw Visa and MasterCards relationship as correlative and are disappointed when one endeavor to improve itself at the others cost; in this way, making it difficult to contend in specific regions. He affirmed: It is certain that due to duality you don't see MasterCard and Visa assaulting each other in the commercial center. .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .postImageUrl , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:visited , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:active { border:0!important; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:active , .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u69 dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u69dec510646dc04a5b73bfa028aab2d8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Fantasy's Integral Role In The Creation Of A Kille Essay The part banks guarded the activities by concentrating on the openness of universally useful cards in the marker and rivalry between card guarantors; reacting that card backers go after cardholders as for loan costs, yearly cardholder expenses, installment terms and conditions. In this way, it isn't fundamental for Visa and MasterCard to contend with each other. As time passed, Visa and MasterCard understood the points of interest duality furnished them and they started working together with administering banks by received principles and approaches forbidding part banks from working with other universally useful card systems, for example, American Express and Discover/Novus. While trying to finish in the card systems, American Express built up a solitary dealer terminal that would acknowledge and process all system universally useful cards, Visa and MasterCard damaged Section 2 of the Clayton by establishing another guideline restricting part banks to process their cards. Be that as it may, the requests by dealers for a solitary terminal constrained Visa and MasterCard to change this approach, so they permitted shippers to process their cards utilizing other universally useful card systems, however charged vendors higher expenses for utilizing non-Visa/MasterCard arrange frameworks. Despite the fact that Visa and MasterCard balanced their situation on a solitary terminal handling framework, the Department of Justice examination uncovered Visa MasterCard still stayed in charge of 85% of the market power; leaving next to no pieces of the overall industry to American Express who had just 5% and Discover/Novus with 8.5%. Visa and MasterCard sanctioned a few exclusionary rehearses that limited rivalry. For instance, they disallowed banks from during business with other universally useful card systems; restricted American Express and Discover/Novus access to their ATM machines for loans; and ended any part bank that gave American Express and Discover/Novus card systems. Section into the universally useful card arrange showcase is a troublesome undertaking inside itself. The capacity of makers to build up new financial cards and system framework requires huge speculations and the achievement in the market relies on the buyers ability to acknowledge and utilize the item. Visa and MasterCard further muddle matters, by executing hostile to serious polices that harmed rivalry, and expanded participants costs. Part banks limited basic serious activities that were created by Visa and MasterCard the board

Nafta Essay Research Paper IntroductionSummaryIn January 1994 free essay sample

Nafta Essay, Research Paper Presentation Drumhead In January 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada executed the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . The finish of NAFTA is to improve exchanging conditions through obligation decline, remotion of contributing obstructions, and advancement of objective effects insurance. NAFTA keeps on gnawing by bit chop down obligations on set day of the months and means to stifle all obligations by the twelvemonth 2004. Before NAFTA was set up, puting in Mexico was a hard method. Financial specialists required the Mexican Government # 8217 ; s favoring and were other than required to run into explicit contributing rules. These requests required financial specialists to send out a fit level of merchandise and enterprises, use household products and ventures, and reassign designing to rivals. Under NAFTA, financial specialists no longer require specialists gift to put and are treated as household speculators. NAFTA has other than expanded objective things rights and permitted organizations to acquire licenses in Mexico and Canada. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nafta Essay Research Paper IntroductionSummaryIn January 1994 or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Previously, organizations were faltering to send out innovative work escalated products ; with expanded normal assets security, by and by, fares of these merchandise has indicated an unequivocal expansion. As a result of better exchanging conditions, fares and imports of most different products have expanded alongside the innovative work concentrated merchandise. In Mexico, the riddance of contributing hindrances has permitted contributing to spread out. Expanded exchanging and contributing has so made numerous occupations, raised the Gross Domestic Product, and brought down customer fiscal qualities. The macroeconomic guidelines characterized in Economics 103 identify with NAFTA # 8217 ; s sway on aggregative flexibly and request, work, contributing, and their consequences for national salary. The unhindered commerce built up by MERCOSUR other than includes states inside South America. MERCOSUR, the Southern Common Market ( Mercado Common del Sur ) was built up in 1991 after a progression of other organized commerce agreements neglected to run into the measures of the states in question. It is set up on the balance of facilitated commerce zones lastly to take to a typical market. Before MERCOSUR there was ALALC, the Latin American Free Trade Association. It was shaped in 1960 and set up unhindered commerce zones through the intermittent discoursed between the individuals from the affiliation. ALALC finished in the 1970 # 8217 ; s because of these exchanges since they were left to the watchfulness of the states in question and low examples began to occur. After ALAC, came ALADI, the Latin American Integration Association. Established in 1980, it built up financial inclination zones then again of organized commerce. This kicked up monetary developing and expanded activities and understandings between states that prior had no associations. In 1986 Argentina and Brazil marked a Treaty for Integration, Cooperation, and Development which was initially set up to take obligation obstructions and tie together the macroeconomic arrangements of the two states. This Treaty is the thing that prompted MERCOSUR. MERCOSUR is a strategy of coordinating to sort out a typical market on the establishments of detached regionalism. In March of 1991 Paraguay and Uruguay joined MERCOSUR and most late Chile turned into a segment of the market in 1996. The finishes set by the comprehension are to make free theodolite of creation products and lifting of non-duty confinements on theodolite merchandise. It was set up to follow a typical exchange strategy with states that are non a bit of the market and to set up a fixed basic outside obligation for all to follow. There are fairly a couple of different closures that was set by MERCOSUR including a condition that expresses that th e states included will have the option to set their Torahs for the aim of meat uping the comprehension. The main purpose of MERCOSUR is to set up unhindered commerce among South American states and to elevate new states to fall in ( americasnet.com ) . Another related exchange understanding passing on the advantages of universal exchange is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( GATT ) . An exchange understanding that passes on the positive aftereffects of worldwide exchange is the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( GATT ) . It was made in 1947 and like NAFTA advances universal exchange through the reduction of obligations. Today, GATT incorporates more than one 100 states and 90 % of the universe # 8217 ; s exchange products ( Sabir 1 ) . There have been eight unique adaptations of GATT, each resulting in another exchange understanding. The latest is alluded to as the Uruguay Round and is one of the biggest and most complete exchange settlements history ( Deng 1 ) . The Uruguay Round Agreement cuts obligations by 33%, builds inclusion for textures, vesture and agribusiness and makes another World Trade Organization ( Congressional Digest 258 ) . The WTO settles contrast provinces, controls the arrangements settled upon and reconsider states # 8217 ; exchange examples and approaches. In add-on, the Uruguay unit of ammo proposes diminishes in nontariff defensive obstructions to stock ( Gottheil 350 ) . The Uruguay Round and WTO make up an of import bit of GATT. GATT in general depends on decides that ensure all take separating states get benefits. These standards incorporate nondiscrimination, security of local businesses and stipulation of stable balance for exchange ( Congressional Digest 258 ) . With such a strong establishment, the strategies of GATT have taken power. Much like NAFTA, GATT proposes to expand exchange through the reduction of obligations. Be that as it may, GATT is progressively comprehensive of the global monetary framework. As NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and GATT set up facilitated commerce all through the Americas and different pieces of the universe, the European Free Trade Agreement ( EFTA ) speaks to states all through Western Europe. It was abdominal muscle initio shaped in 1960 by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The general point of the EFTA and of these setting up regions was to take exchange boundaries all through Western Europe, for example, import obligations and standards, and to proceed with detached examples in universe exchange ( EFTA Page ) . The model of the EFTA has changed altogether since its underlying commencement the same number of part areas have gone back and forth along the way. In 1972, the bing EFTA states marked unhindered commerce understandings with the European Union, in this way dousing import obligations on modern stocks. Since so the EFTA has attempted to augment its relationship with the European Community. The present segments of the ever adj usting EFTA incorporate Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland ( EFTA Page ) . The organized commerce understandings built up by the EFTA screen intra-EFTA exchange, exchange with the European Union, and unhindered commerce outside of the EFTA or EU. The EFTA is by and by in the main part of making sure about facilitated commerce understandings with states in Central and Eastern Europe and even with different states around the universe ( EFTA Page ) . These unhindered commerce understandings serve to progress consolidate movement inside the EFTA # 8217 ; s monetary connections and to reinforce Europe # 8217 ; s universal exchange confederations. Fitting to EFTA page, unhindered commerce set up by the EFTA is a, # 8220 ; essential technique in the continuous building of monetary, cultural, and political ties between the conditions of Europe and subsequently uplifting our normal point of nearer European incorporating # 8221 ; ( EFTA Page ) . Concurrences with the EFTA chop down obligations between states, improve and let for progressively stable outside contribut ing, and back up the remotion of exchange boundaries. In set uping these rights, the EFTA would like to make a situation that is steady of business enterprise, rivalry, and monetary movement inside its different market developments ( EFTA Page ) . Investigation Organized commerce understandings are winning all through the universe, each stand foring exchange inside an impossible to miss part. The accomplishment of unhindered commerce is distant from everyone else to each single exchange association. NAFTA, MERCOSUR, GATT, and the EFTA, generally speaking, have made established numerous positive aspects in global exchange. The unhindered commerce that NAFTA has set up among the United States, Mexico, and Canada has enormously profited the U.S. monetary framework. During the mature ages from 1994 to 1997, U.S. exchange with Mexico and Canada rose 44 for each centum. This all-encompassing developing is authorize predominantly to the reduction of obligations. As obligations were brought down, U.S. merchandise became less expensive and progressively competitory in Mexican and Canadian markets, and at this lower money related worth degree the measure requested of U.S. merchandise expanded. On the partnered chart, as the money related worth degree dots from A to B, the measure requested increases from C to D ; it turns out to be more affordable for U.S. houses to give products to Canada and Mexico as the gracefully bend relocations from Equally to AS # 8217 ; . So as to run into the new interest, the houses must connect new laborers and increment contributing. Somewhere in the range of 1994 and 1997, 90 to 160 1000 occupations were made in the U.S. because of the expansion of exchange with Mexico, and 2.4 million occupations were reliant upon exchange with Mexico and Canada. The expansion in work and contributing so prompts expanded national salary. Crafted by NAFTA has other than served to benefit Mexico # 8217 ; s financial framework ; in similarity with the United States # 8217 ; monetary framework, Mexico # 8217 ; s trades have expanded, more than copying since 1993. The riddance of contributing boundaries has caused an emotional ascent in outside putting from four billion out of 1993 to ten billion dollars in 1998. NAFTA has empowered Volkswagen, IBM, and the texture business to look for work and stuffs in Mexico. In 1994, a Canada-based enterpriser contributed 4,000,000 dollar

I wish you enough!

I wish you enough! Recently, I overheard a mother and daughter in their last moments together at the airport as the daughters departure had been announced.Standing near the security gate, they hugged and the mother said: I love you and I wish you enough.The daughter replied, Mom, our life together has been more than enough. Your love is all I ever needed. I wish you enough, too, Mom. They kissed and the daughter left.The mother walked over to the window where I sat. Standing there, I could see she wanted and needed to cry.I tried not to intrude on her privacy but she welcomed me in by asking, Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?Yes, I have, I replied. Forgive me for asking but why is this a forever good-bye?I am old and she lives so far away. I have challenges ahead and the reality is the next trip back will be for my funeral, she said.When you were saying good-bye, I heard you say, I wish you enough. May I ask what that means?She began to smile. Thats a wish that has been handed down from other generations. My parents used to say it to everyone.She paused a moment and looked up as if trying to remember it in detail and she smiled even more.When we said I wish you enough we were wanting the other person to have a life filled with just enough good things to sustain them.Then turning toward me, she shared the following, reciting it from memory.I wish you enough sun to keep your attitude bright. I wish you enough rain to appreciate the sun more. I wish you enough happiness to keep your spirit alive. I wish you enough pain so that the smallest joys in life appear much bigger. I wish you enough gain to satisfy your wanting. I wish you enough loss to appreciate all that you possess. I wish you enough hellos to get you through the final good-bye.She then began to sob and walked away.My friends, I wish you enough!Author: Bob Perks Story submitted by Tina

Eastman Kodak - 600 Words

Eastman Kodak Co. 1. Why did Kathy Hudson make such a major change in IS recourses management at Kodak? What factors contribute to her decision to outsource data center, telecommunications, and PC services to IBM, DEC, and BusinessLand? Kathy Hudson was appointed to the newly created CIS unit in 1988 by CEO Colby Chandler with a directive to â€Å"overhaul the existing IT organization to promote the use of IT to improve the competive position of Kodak businesses while lowering cost.† At the time of her appointment, Kodak was suffering several serious business setbacks, along with rising competition and a Polaroid lawsuit. Jobs were cut and reorganization attempts did little to alleviate falling profits. Kodak needed an IT overhaul†¦show more content†¦On the contact building aspect of vendor selection, each company involved in the contract negotiation process will have different needs and frameworks that will require attention. The approach by Hudson and her team laying down a framework that focused on fluid and collaborative relationships was import for Kodak. The company had already suffered enough from a mismanaged IT and growing competition. Having the parties sit down and discuss their con cerns before drafting a contract for services ensured that everyone had an understanding of what the important needs and outcomes were of the other parties. There is very little I would have done differently as it relates to the selection process and contract negotiation process. When you look at the situation Kodak was in at that time, there was very little room for error. Selecting the wrong vendors for the outsourcing and entering into bad contracts could have killed the company. Hudson and her team keep the needs of Kodak, their employees, and her mission directive at the forefront of this process. 3. What advice would you give Hudson concerning long-term management of Kodak’s â€Å"networked† IS organization? I would advise Hudson to continue analyzing company operations as relates to IT and look for changes to functions. I would constantly be reevaluating these IT functions for their â€Å"core†Show MoreRelatedEastman Kodak1485 Words   |  6 PagesEastman Kodak Company: Funtime Film Case Analysis Group-5 PGP-RAK, 2012-14 PARTICIPANT Ankur Sinha Ishant Singal Prakhar Rathee Sambhav Jain Vikram Singh Shekhawat ROLL NUMBER 2012PGPRAK013 2012PGPRAK023 2012PGPRAK031 2012PGPRAK036 2012PGPRAK039 Situational Analysis Company Eastman Kodak is currently the market leader in the photo film market. The company has continued its domination of the photo film market, but in the past 5 years its market share has eased from 76% to 70%. Reason mainlyRead MoreEastman Kodak2173 Words   |  9 Pages 9-594-111 Rev. 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It was founded in New York and is still headquarter there. Over the course of the last century and more, this company has been a leader in developing new technology in photographic film. It helped to lead the revolution toward new, innovative cameras and film technology during the 1960s and 1970s. The peak of the company’s success came in the 1970s, when it controlledRead MoreGeorge Eastman and the Kodak Camera Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesLefer 250). George Eastman did this process when he bought his first camera in 1877. He was 23 years old, and was a young banker. He was set out to determine an easier way to go about photography because of his experience with the difficulty of cameras (Buckland and Lefer 250). George Eastman impacted photography by making picture taking simple and fun, by making photography more enjoyable, and by creating photography into a hobby in which everyone could take pleasure. 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Eastman Kodak Case Implementation of TQEM at Kodak ParkÂ’s Utilities Division “Our vision is to be a world class company and the leading imaging company in protecting the quality of the environment and the health and safety of our employees, customers, and communities in which we operate.” For more than a decade, WRI’s Sustainable Enterprise Program (SEP) has harnessed the power of business

Juvenile Justice System. The Federal Juvenile Delinquency

JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM The Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act defines juvenile delinquency as, â€Å"any act that is otherwise a crime, but is committed by someone under 18 years of age (â€Å"Juvenile Justice, 2007†)†. This act sets forth rules in which state laws must comply with in regard to juvenile court procedures and punishments. A majority of states have a criminal culpability set at 18 years of age, however culpability age can differ depending on the state. Certain states base whether a juvenile’s case should be held in juvenile court or adult court simply on the crime committed. Constitutionalist used to argue that juvenile court was unconstitutional because the principles of a fair trial and individual’s rights were denied. Their primary†¦show more content†¦The United States Supreme Court has made decisions on five of the most important cases concerning juveniles. The cases include Kent v. United States (1966), In re Gault (1967), In re Winship (1970), Mckeive r v. Pennsylvania (1971), and breed v. Jones (1975). In the case of Kent v. United States the Supreme Court found that courts must provide the essentials of due process in transferring juveniles to adult systems. In the case of In re Gault the Supreme Court found that in hearings that could result in commitment to institutions juveniles have basic constitutional rights, which would include the right to receive notice of charges, the right to be represented by counsel, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, the right to avoid self-incrimination, the right to receive a transcript of the proceedings, and the right to request appellate review. In the case of In re Winship the Supreme Court found that in the case of delinquency the state must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. In the case of Mckeiver v. Pennsylvania the Supreme Court found that jury trials are not constitutionally required in juvenile court hearings. In 1968 Congress passed the Juvenile Delinquency Pre vention Act and it was later revised in 1972. The purpose of the Act was to help assist state and local communities in providing community based prevention programs and/or services. The Prevention Act also focused on helping to trainShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagesto research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and the socialRead MoreModern Day Juvenile Justice System882 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern day Juvenile Justice System (JJS) in the U.S. evolved out of fragmented refo rm movements throughout the country that began in 1800 and continued into the 1900’s, Progressive Era. Out of the many movements that were occurring in various states, two pioneered approaches took place that could easily be considered the roots of the entire JJS. In 1824 in the state of New York, the New York House of Refuge became the nation’s first reformatory for children. For the first time, there was anRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Juvenile Justice System1299 Words   |  6 Pageshis life to troubled juveniles once said, â€Å"I believe that the kids who are labeled â€Å"good† are children who know how to solve their problems and manage their behavior and social life, and the kids who are labeled â€Å"bad† are kids who don’t know how to solve those problems.† Every day, kids are committing illegal acts of varying severity. Some are involved in petty robberies, others involved in murders and rape. These juveniles become th e responsibility of the juvenile justice system which is tasked withRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juvenile Offenders941 Words   |  4 Pagesways in which the juvenile justice system responds to female offenders. Historically juvenile female offenders have been treated under status offense jurisdiction (Zahn et al., 2010, p. 10). United States Courts would exercise the principle of â€Å"parens patriae† to place the female in detention as a form of punishment for misbehavior (Sherman, 2012, pp. 1589-1590). This principle also remains prevalent as it pertains to how the juvenile justice system currently responds to juvenile female offendersRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Design A Program That Will Fit Into The Kids Lifestyle957 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy, the state act through a Juvenile Court Judge when a child is delinquent, abandoned or need parental care. Also â€Å"Parens patriae† occur if the natural parents are incompetent to control their chil dren. In this case the juvenile justice system design a program that will fit into the kids lifestyle as should have been done by his or her natural parents. 2. What is the difference between delinquency and a status offense and give one example of each. Delinquency is a criminal behavior, which isRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). 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Rightfully so, our younger citizens are considered the building blocks of our nation and the carriers of our legacy in the future. But in spite of stringent laws that seem to protect our youth, other factors such as race, poverty, and environment are catalysts for delinquent youth behavior. Juvenile crime is

The Art and Science of Creating a Monster Free Essays

Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists in the world, believes that there is one question human beings must answer in order to truly understand the implications of existence itself: Is the Universe friendly?   In the vast body of thought both ancient and modern, the answers to this question are numerous and mostly contradictory.   In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the narrators uniformly answer this question in the negative.   In spite of their disparate stations in life, each storyteller feels separated from his fellows in some way, physically, intellectually, and geographically. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art and Science of Creating a Monster or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Society does not ease the condition of such lost souls because it is so quick to ostracize and dismiss anyone that departs from its grand ideals of what is acceptable (Williams, 1). Most artists, scientists, philosophers, and explorers are not celebrated until several centuries after death, if then.   Human beings are extremely social creatures.   In order to function well, people need to feel as though they are a part of something bigger than themselves, that they share a similar path to those around them.   Though he was denied the decency of others, the creature had only one wish; to have a companion made for him.   If he never encountered another living being except for her, he would have been contented in the spirit that there was someone in existence that could relate to him.   Victor Frankenstein, brilliant scientist extraordinaire literally sold his soul for godhood. At the end of his story, he shares the same fate of his creature: friendless and alone with only strangers to ease his passage into death.   In a sense, one could conceivably argue that Victor suffered just as much as the creature because he had his whole world taken from him—his little brother, best friend and his wife.   In the end, he becomes as wretched as the creature without soul or companionship and perished among strangers.   For one who has known genuine happiness, life’s tragic moments become even more painful. Robert Walton, the sailor that tells the story of Frankinstein and his creature is equally marginalized.   He is without friends because his aspirations were lofty and his education limited.  Ã‚   When one leaves the path of the establishment to explore new and sometimes frightening realms, or departs from the norms expected for one’s gender, race, or intellectual achievements:   society exacts punishment by banishing him to the fringes. The creature is the most obviously reviled being in the story.   On a dark and stormy November night, he awakes to Victor’s horrified screeches.   His physical appearance produces instant disgust in everyone he meets, including his â€Å"father† and creator.   During the Romantic Era and in Gothic literature, physiognomy was a way to determine a person’s character and inclinations (McLaren, 40).   Elizabeth was thought to be an angel because of her beautiful golden hair and fair countenance, while people assumed the creature was morally degenerate because of his ugly appearance. The creature had the sallow skin of a dead thing, he was extremely tall, strong, and bright, yet he was very malformed.   In the eighteenth century, ugliness and deviance were heavily correlated.   In many of the stories of the time, the hero and heroine were extremely good looking, virtuous, and talented in some special way.   In contrast, the villain was ugly, amoral, violent, and without conscience.   Even if there were a great degree of credence to this, it would seem that the violence toward others is simply a villain’s expression of loathing both self and society. â€Å"This violent response to his own oppression shares the same elements of many of the post-WWII protest novels.   Protest novels often delineate a relationship between the mainstream dominant society and the â€Å"Other,† a character designated for his/her marginalization and oppression within that society†(Scott).   Before departing to the wastelands of the North to end his miserable existence, the monster gives an accounting to himself to Walton, even though he believes that it would not move the sailor to sympathize with his plight. Little does the creature know that his confessor had lived without a friend or companion.   Had things turned out differently, maybe Walton and the creature might have become friends because both were alone in the world.   The creature’s story is very reminiscent of the tragic poor, malformed vagabonds living on the fringes of society, exposed to only the worst traits and abuses of   other human beings.   As a living creature, the monster wanted to be shown decency, compassion, gentleness and even love and he was denied at every turn.   He hated himself and the world and turned his grief and rage into a force of darkness that would avenge itself on everything and everyone his creator holds dear. â€Å"I desired love and fellowship, and I was still spurned. Was there no injustice in this? Am I thought to be only the criminal, when all humankind sinned against me?†(Shelley, 210).  Ã‚   While some literary critics believe that the monster represents the depravity that lies dormant in all human beings until pushed to the breaking point (Scott), others have determined that he is instead, a voice of social justice.   When external conditions become so unbearable that it takes every ounce of effort to simply survive, this experience justifies any act of rebellion against the social order (Knoepflmacher Lewis, 165).  Ã‚   To the creature, Victor Frankenstein represented the malignancy and callous disregard for life he encountered in his life experience.   When his last chance for a companion was destroyed in his creator’s ultimate breach of trust, he made it his life’s mission to destroy everything his creator loved without assuming personal responsibil ity for his death. Victor Frankenstein, not content with pursuing a normal career in medicine, aspires to godhood.   Because of his hubris, he loses everything he holds dear in his life and dies alone in an arctic desert.   Unlike his unfortunate creation, he represents the very establishment from which his ambitions set him apart.   His childhood was normal in an idealized sort of way.   His parents lavished tons of attention on him and he never had a moment of feeling unloved, neglected, or spurned by other people.   Growing up in Geneva, his life was extremely sheltered, and the people in his life were good and beautiful.   His aversion to ugliness is one of his most pronounced character traits. When he enrolls in University, he immediately judges the character of his professors based on their physical appearances, â€Å"I found even in M. Krempe a great deal of sound and sense and real information, combined, it is true, with a repulsive physiognomy and manners.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In M. Waldman I found a true friend.   His gentleness was never tinged by dogmatism and his instructions were given with an air of frankness and good nature that banished every idea pedantry†(Shelley, 49). This passage makes Frankenstein appear shocked that M. Krempe would have anything of value to offer him because of his unattractive appearance.   Another despicable character trait is Victor’s inability to take responsibility for his actions.   Once the creature wakes up, he rushes from the room (Shelley, 57).   Later, he allows an innocent woman—the family maid he grew up with no less—to be executed for a crime she never committed to hide the existence of his creature (Shelley, 84). Robert Walton, not content to explore the vast inhabited regions of earth, braves the cold and ice to look for a northern route to the Pacific Ocean.   He wants to â€Å"boldly go where no man had gone before† to paraphrase Star Trek.   However, all he found was an endless wasteland that did not deliver the passage he had sought.   Though he merely serves as the recipient of Frankenstein’s story, he has no one in the world except his sister.   In this sense, he identifies with the creature’s feelings of loneliness.   In his second letter he tells his sister, â€Å"But I have one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy, and the absence of the object of which I now feel as a most severe evil. I have no friend, Margaret: when I am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there will be none to participate in my joy; if I am assailed by disappointment, no one will endeavour to sustain me in dejection†(Shelley, 18).   While he is normal physically, his educational background sets him apart from others.   He is self-taught, and his curriculum included books of voyages and fantastic adventures, and the poets he had become familiar with were British.   Later, he laments that he is â€Å"more illiterate than many schoolboys of fifteen†(Shelley, 19).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still, he could not help feeling a little pity for the creature’s ordeal since part of it resembled his own, â€Å"Once my fancy was soothed with dreams of virtue, of fame, and of enjoyment. Once I falsely hoped to meet with beings who, pardoning my outward form, would love me for the excellent qualities which I was capable of unfolding.   I was nourished with high thoughts of honor and devotion.   But now crime has degraded me beneath the meanest animal†(Shelley, 209).   In that last desperate section following Frankenstein’s death, we realize that had Frankenstein not treated his creature so ill, he could have become a reliable companion, loyal friend, and confidant†¦the very thing Walton had become to Frankenstein when he was cold, alone, and starving.   Even as two wealthy white European men, Walton and Frankenstein failed to flourish in a society that was uniquely designed for them. While the two men and the monster keenly felt their separation from others, the women are practically non-characters.   Even though a woman that inhabited the extremely liberal artistic scene of the Enlightenment Era wrote the story, all the female characters assumed no importance of their own in a truly strong and heroic sense outside of their impact on Victor’s life.   They were objects, not subjects.   Even the monster was able to express himself as a subject, while the women served as props. Still, there was much about them that would potentially interest a reader if the characters were explored in greater depth.   Frankenstein’s mother was a philanthropist who visited poor families and attempted to ease their lot in life. Elizabeth was very passionate in the defense of Justine when she was falsely accused of murder (Shelley, 81).   As an orphan raised by peasants and adopted into a wealthy family, her character’s death would have been much more dramatic and poignant had she been flushed out more.   While Shelley achieved much as a writer, she did not want to encourage women to become more assertive, and none of the female characters (other than Walton’s sister) survived until the end of the book. One account states that Shelley believes women must behave differently from men (Schoene-Harwood, 42).  Ã‚   During the Romantic Era, men were the heroes, the creators, the actors in public life and the centerpiece of home life.   Women were the passive observers, and sometimes creators of brilliant artistic works.   Otherwise, the rest of the world belonged to men. Times have certainly changed, but not as much as people think.   Global travel exposes people to different cultures, ideals, and mores.   In the field of social psychology, the most successful societies assimilate outsiders rather than marginalize them.   To maximize the likelihood of maintaining a peaceful civilization, the newcomers must adapt the mores, values, and language of the dominant culture and the institutions must be able to accommodate the tansition.   When a population is exiled to the fringes, it would possibly create a volatile situation of accelerating tensions between the marginalized group and the dominant group to the point where the people on the fringe begin to attack the establishment in ways both subtle and explosive (Simon, 141-146). In American history, immigrants were looked down upon and many laws were passed to keep them out.   Eventually, groups of immigrants had begun forming their own communities, keeping the spirit of their home culture alive in a country that neither wanted nor welcomed them.   With the growth of these communities, people no longer have the need nor desire to learn the dominant language.   On a whole, people in the West are gradually becoming more tolerant toward alternative lifestyles, minority groups, and religious preferences, but the bias and prejudice against people not gifted with physical beauty is the final socially acceptable prejudice to hold. Women in the Western World had finally been granted the right to vote; even so, a woman’s value is still vested in her looks and ability to become a wife and mother. Until a woman’s choice to attain worldly power is respected, they will never achieve the same level of equality that men assume.   Shelley’s women were faithful in their duties of domestics, artists, and lovers, but like many women of the time; were not allowed to express the hidden passion they were forced to repress.   Even in our own society, marginalizing others is still par for the course.   In the US, a strict racial hierarchy is still perpetuated even though the apartheid was legally dissolved in the 1960’s.   There is a great disparity between the races when looking at factors such as life expectancy, disease profiles, and income. Progress toward a better world is often slow and always painful.   In order to maintain social stability, people did not evolve the ability to accept sweeping changes on all levels.   Appearance in the twenty-first century will become an even greater obsession than it was in the past.   With superior technology to alter, enlarge, or diminish undesirable characteristics, beauty will quickly become associated with social class and personal value.   When Elizabeth was adopted, Frankenstein’s mother believed that she was a higher order of being by virtue of her physical appearance, â€Å"a being heaven-sent, and bearing a celestial stamp in all her features† (Shelley, 34). Victor Frankenstein’s monster was a different order of being himself, he was purely logical, empathetic, and selfless, but he was hideously ugly.   Eventually, through repeated rejection, brutal treatment, and several attempts on his life, he was trained to mold his character to match his looks.   To those living on the fringes, the universe is an extremely unfriendly place indeed. Works Cited Caldwell, Janis McLaren. Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain: From Mary Shelley to George Elliot. Cambridge University Press, 2004 Knoepflmacher, Ulrich Camillus George Lewis. The Endurance of Frankenstein.   University of California Press: 1979 Schoene-Harwood, Berthold. Frankenstein: Essays, Articles, Reviews. Columbia University Press: 2000 Scott, Cynthia C. â€Å"The Other: Race, Rage, Violence and the Protest Novel in M. Shelley’s Frankenstein†. The People’s Media Company. 3 Mar. 2007 ;http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/28245/the_other_race_rage_violence_and_the.html; Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Signet Classic, 1965 Simon, Bernd. Identity in Modern Society: A Social Psychological Perspective.   Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2004 Williams, Kipling D. The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, ; Bullying. New York: Psychology Press, 2005 How to cite The Art and Science of Creating a Monster, Essay examples

Typography and Keyword End Essay Example

Typography and Keyword End Essay Exercise 1 Give a BNF grammar for each of the languages below. For example, a correct answer for the set of all strings consisting of zero or more concatenated copies of the string ab would be this grammar: ab I There are often many correct answers. a. The set of all strings consisting of zero or more as. b. The set of all strings consisting of an uppercase letter followed by zero or more additional characters, each of which is either an uppercase letter or one of the digits O through 9. c. The set of all strings consisting of one or more as. The set of all strings consisting of one or more digits. (Each digit is one of the characters O through 9. ) e. The set of all strings consisting of zero or more as with a semicolon after each one. f. The set of all strings consisting of the keynuord begin, followed by zero or more statements with a semicolon after each one, followed by the keyword end. Use the non-terminal for statements, and do not give productions for it. g. The set of all st rings consisting of one or more as with a semicolon after each ne. h. The set of all strings consisting of the keyword begin, followed by one or more statements with a semicolon after each one, followed by the keyword end. Use the non-terminal for statements, and do not give productions for it. i. The set of all strings consisting of one or more as, with a comma between each a and the next. (There should be no comma before the first or after the last. ) J. The set of all strings consisting of an open bracket (the symbol 0 followed by a list of one or more digits eparated by commas, followed by a closing bracket (the symbol l). . The set of all strings consisting of zero or more as, with a comma between each a and the next. (There should be no comma before the first or after the last. ) l. The set of all strings consisting of an open bracket (the symbol 0 followed by a list of zero or more digits separated by commas, followed by a closing bracket (the symbol l). Exercise 2 Give an EBNF grammar for each of the languages of Exercise 1 . Use the EBNF exten sions wherever possible to simplify the grammars. We will write a custom essay sample on Typography and Keyword End specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Typography and Keyword End specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Typography and Keyword End specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A few more metasymbols can be added to BNF to help with common patterns of language definition. For example, C, and ) might be added: 1. [something] in the right- hand side of a production means that the something inside is optional. 2. { something } in the right-hand side of a production means that the something inside can be repeated any number of times (zero or more). 3. Parentheses are used to group things on the right-hand side so that l, 0, and 0 can be used in the same production unambiguously. Typography and Keyword End By akosipaw