Constructing Meaning Essay - 1124 Words

Elements for comparison and contrast Payne Gainey text Tsui text Description in my own words Evidence from the text (include direct quotes and page numbers) Description in my own words Evidence from the text (include direct quotes and page numbers) Explicit meaning The goal of the article is to provide instructors with a variety of strategies for engaging students to participate in classroom controversial discussions and enhancing their critical thinking skills at the collegiate level. This article we will discuss some common issues that surface in college courses that encourage critical thinking. What strategies can educators use to promote enlightened and fair discussion of them† (Gainey Payne, 2003, p.52).†¦show more content†¦If schools are to enforce students learning how to write and critically think, they need to assure teachers who lack the knowledge to teach writing and critical thinking skills need to attend professional development training routinely in order to gain knowledge, practice, and experience with the pedagogy. â€Å"Lastly, if institutions are truly committed to achieving the widely professed educational objective of instilling critical thinking skills in students, then they need to actively support and guide faculty in teaching reform efforts. Seminars, workshops, and training sessions should not be a one-time event but rather a regular component of an institution’s ongoing professional development program for faculty† (Tsui, 2002, p. 759). My situatedness with respect to the texts The authors provide several strategies for teachers to use to assist and encourage students to actively participate during classroom discussion that involves controversial issues. I currently use some of the suggestions the authors recommend such as randomly selecting names using pop sticks and a cup. Making eye contact so students are able to acknowledge I am aware of their participation, holding for a response to allow students an opportunity to answer instead of just providing them with a response/answer, and enthusiasm to promoteShow MoreRelatedThe Method Of Constructing Meaning From Print And From Other Symbols1853 Words   |  8 PagesReading is the procedure of constructing meaning from print and from other symbols (Hill, 2012, p. 161). It plays an important role in people’s daily lives. Without reading properly, people will be struggled in common duties, for example, responding to messages or reading newspapers. Through readings, children can receive a wide range of information around the world, for instance, children can enhance their vocabulary list and know more about this world so it is important that teachers help studentsRead MoreThe The ory Of Language As A Social Activity990 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of constructing reality. According to Hall, things such as words and images do not carry meaning they symbolize. The meanings are constructed by their ‘representation’ in language through concepts and signs. A major principle of Hall’s theory is that meanings are not static. Instead, they are continuously produced and exchanged in a culture and even across cultures. About this claim, Hall explains that a culture is primarily concerned with the production and the exchange of meanings betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beach Burial By Kenneth Slessor1354 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of journeying of the soul from both the reader and the responder. Through the use of a variety of visual and written techniques, these texts portray the concept of an existential journey, the indefinite search for true self and true personal meaning in life. Deep loss of an individual or one others’ individuality triggers an existential crisis and without journeying imaginatively, the chance to create one’s purpose becomes absent. Though the loss of Ruby Moon solely dominates the play, theRead MoreWhite Noise: Meaning of Life705 Words   |  3 Pagesprove its existence on a physical, superficial level. What is the meaning of life? For some it is a spiritual connection – others – physical, even some believe in a psychological or social foundation, but all people have wondered their purpose at some point. The reality we live on earth only allows us to channel through our physical senses in order to make sense of the universe around us. Don DeLillo felt strongly about the meaning of life and death though it is not until the final sentence of hisRead MoreLiterary Elements970 Words   |  4 Pagessubject. A short story is packed with descriptive details that form together to grab the reader’s attention in a short amount of time. The authors indulge in rich  details to create the narrative into a jaw dropping meaning story from the beginning to the ending. The author begins with constructing   the story with the building blocks of literary devices. Short story authors apply the literary techniques of symbolism, irony and theme to create a meaningful connection with the reader.   Authors exploit symbolismRead MorePersonal Identity In Iris Murdochs Under The Net960 Words   |  4 Pagesinforming others what type of person the speaker is, thus constructing their identities. However, language is not always sufficient, in fact, it can be wholly unsatisfactory in properly conveying true beliefs. Both Jack Donaghue and Hugo Belfounder have the notion that language is â€Å"a machine for making falsehoods† (Murdoch 60). With each iteration, the use of language further separates the original thought from its intended meaning, instead constructing separate false identities. In Jack and Hugo’s originalRead MoreThe Film Punch Drunk Love By Paul Thomas Anderson1434 Words   |  6 Pagesway or another. Filmmakers use specific components in order to express thoughts and ideas through their work. These fundamentals of filmmaking typically contribute towards meaning. Audiences can draw multiple different meanings from a film, as everyone interprets things in their own way; but ultimately an overall implicit meaning can be understood by drawing attention to the techniques utilized by the filmmakers. This is true of the film Punch Drunk Love, written and directed by Paul Thomas AndersonRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play City Cousin, Country Cousin Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesLanguage is foundation for students to learn a language and practice it successfully. One of the standards for teaching oral language is LAFS.5.L.3.5, which demonstrates understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. The objective of the lesson will be to allow the students to be able to relate metaphors in relation to the play, â€Å"City Cousin, Country Cousin.† A strategy activity I used for my students was incorporate to the use context clues from the play toRead More The Body, Meaning and Symbols in Medical Anthropology Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pages In the course of the study of medicine from an anthropologic al perspective, there are several themes which are repeatedly encountered. These include the body and its representation, meaning and a person’s response to that meaning, and finally, the symbolic images which construct and shape both meaning and the bodily representation. Each of these themes are addressed throughout medical anthropological texts, and are connected to and build on each other in a variety of ways. The body is the siteRead MoreDescribing Two Works of Art Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pagesreason for the Artwork being unconventional. Introduction to NYC Garbage The first work of Art that I found to be unconventional was â€Å"NYC Garbage† which was created by Justin Gignac and his idea became reality in the year of 2001. The whole meaning behind this work of Art was just an experiment but it has become a piece of Art that a lot of people now own around the world, in fact there are 1,200 to date that have been sold. (Gignac, 2001) According to an interview, Justin Gignac stated that

Abraham Lincoln Essay - 576 Words

Abraham Lincoln, from the backwoods of Hodgenville Kentucky, rose to become one of the greatest presidents of the United States. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. A excellent politician, Lincoln was always looked upon for leadership for he put reason and thoughtful decisions behind his word.Abraham Lincoln, born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hawks on February 12, 1809, was conceived in a log cabin built by his father. Abe had one older sister, and a younger brother that died as an infant. The Lincoln family moved a lot, from Kentucky to Indiana, and back to Kentucky. Abe read a book titled Mason Locke Weemss Life and Memorable Actions of George†¦show more content†¦What might of made him fulfill this goal was the fact that he never lost confidence in himself. Years went by, and Abraham could not stand slavery any more, he was elected by the republican party to do something about it.On March 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as president of the United States of America at his first inaugural address. Soon after the Civil War began, and Abe had to take on a problem that is more severe than any preceding president. During his second year in office, on April 16, 1862, Lincoln finally signed a bill that abolished slavery throughout the land. On November 19, 1863, Lincoln was called to deliver a speech at the battle sight in Gettysburg. Although Lincolns speech was short, it was definitely a masterpiece.On April 14, 1865, a man by the name of John Wilkes Booth planned to assassinate Lincoln. Abe was at Fords theater in Washington watching Our American Cousin. Booth made his way to the box where Abe was seated, around ten thirty p.m. He put a pistol to Lincolns head a fired once, Abes body fell in his seat, and screams rang out quot;Lincoln is Dead.quot;That night as his wife stood by him, the doctors struggled to save Lincolns life. The very next morning, April 15,1865 Abraham Lincoln died, and a few hours later Vice President Andrew Jackson was sworn in.Of all of the presidents the most seems to be written about Abe. Although many sever evaluations were done on his life, it did not inShow MoreRel atedWheres Abraham Lincoln in Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter?542 Words   |  2 Pagesnovels Pride and Prejudge and Zombies and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Grahame-Smith has collaborated on two film adaptations, Dark Shadows, and his own novel, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. Seth Grahame-Smith and his wife, Erin, live in California with their two children Jacob and Joshua. Currently Grahame-Smith’s novel Pride and Prejudice and Zombies is being adapted for film, and Smith is said to be writing a sequel/ spin off of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, staring Henry Struges. BothRead MoreEssay Abraham Lincoln1426 Words   |  6 Pages As the 16th president, Abraham Lincoln was known to be the greatest American President. He guided his country through one of the most catastrophic experiences in its history, the Civil War. He was a very unique president, being the first president to have a beard, being the tallest president standing at 6’4 and also being the first to be assassinated. Abe Lincoln accomplished many things in the 4 year term he had served before being assassinated. With his intelligence and hard work, he madeRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln928 Words   |  4 PagesP. Thomas, Abraham Lincoln: A Biography (Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). †¢ David Herbert Donald, We Are Lincoln Men: Abraham Lincoln and His Friends (Simon Schuster, 2004). †¢ Roy Morris Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln’s Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America (Bison Books, 2010). 5. Similar Articles: †¢ Mary Frances Berry, â€Å"Lincoln and Civil Rights for Blacks,† Volume 2, Issue 1, 1980, pp. 46-57 (Journal of The Abraham Lincoln Association)Read MoreThe Life Of Abraham Lincoln754 Words   |  4 PagesValenzuela 1 Issac Valenzuela Mrs. Barr 7th Grade Literature May 24, 2016 The Life of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born and raised in a log cabin. He was born on February 12, 1809. His mother was a great Christian. She often told them stories from the Bible. One day, Lincoln’s mother died of poisoned milk when he was only nine. Abraham Lincoln was one of the tallest presidents in our history. He was six feet, four inches tall. When he was elected president, he started theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1521 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. Largely self-educated, he becameRead More Abraham Lincoln Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the U.S (1861-1865) who brought the Union to victory in the Civil War. Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. His father was Thomas Lincoln and his mother was Nancy Hanks, both were pioneer farmers. When Abraham Lincoln was two they moved to nearby Knob Creek, Indiana. The following year his mother died. In 1819 Abraham Lincoln’s father married Sarah Bush Johnston, a kind widow who gained Abraham Lincoln’s friendship. Abraham Lincoln grew upRead MoreThe Assassination Of Abraham Lincoln861 Words   |  4 PagesAppomattox Courthouse, one of America s greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln, was shot and killed by a man named John Wilkes Booth. Specifically, John Wilkes Booth was an American play actor and a big sympathiser for the Confederacy. Booth was well known for his hatred towards the President and his crazy ideas and motives, which lead to the killing of Lincoln. Many conspiracies and theories today believed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was handled by John Wilkes alone, but other conspiracies believedRead MoreThe Ass assination Of Abraham Lincoln1064 Words   |  5 PagesColin Shafer Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination President Abraham Lincoln was the first United States president ever to be assassinated while in office. He was president during the Civil War and had many people that did not like him. John Wilkes Booth did not like Abraham Lincoln and was responsible for the President’s death. Abraham Lincoln was born in Harden County, Kentucky on February 12, 1809. His parents were Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. In 1818, his mother died while he was just nine yearsRead MoreThe War Of Abraham Lincoln906 Words   |  4 Pageselection of Abraham Lincoln. South Caroline issued the â€Å" Declaration of the Causes of Secession† because they believed Lincoln was anti-slaver (Bartels). However during the most consequential period in American history, on November 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States and the first Republican President. As the commander in chief the union army, Lincoln needed to bring an end to the war and reunite the nation. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave one ofRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1292 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln has been called the greatest president in all of American history. His principles were dedicated to the survival of the United States during one of the most grues ome and bloody wars in the country s history, the American Civil War. During his presidency, he fought for the emancipation of slaves because he believed the institution of slavery was morally unjust. His ideals, which appealed to the founding principles of the country, energized and mobilized the union and kept it alive

Project Management Dissertation Free Essays

Dissertation Topics on Project Management in the Constructions Industry our site – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING – DISSERTATION EXAMPLES The following guide contains dissertation topics on project management in the construction industry. These were provided specifically for a client looking to work on the construction industry in Nigeria, but could be modified to suit any construction industry setting. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management Dissertation or any similar topic only for you Order Now How can strategic project management be used to mitigate delays and overruns in expenditure in the construction industry: A Study of the Construction Industry in Nigeria The construction industry in Nigeriais notorious for delays and excess expenditure. Ideally, this topic would consider the plight of one company, however the majority of the literature considers delays in the industry as a whole. Fairly evidently the topic requires the use of project management strategies in order to prevent these delays, or lessen the effect thereof. 2. Considering the epidemic of delays in Nigeria’s construction industry, explain how project management organizational culture will need to change in order to change the face the industry to avoid these delays in the future. This topic will explore the current project management organizational culture and identify the current issues with this culture. After analysis of the current climate, it will look to explore the development of this culture to mitigate the issues faced by Nigeria. This may necessitate the need to ‘borrow’ PM organizational culture from another industry similar to construction in Nigeria, e.g. oil and gas exploration. Think of it as a comparative case study between industries. 3. What factors affect the outcome of construction projects in Nigeria: A Project Management perspective This simply looks at the factors relating to PM that may potentially affect the outcome of a construction project. This does not necessarily only focus on the causes of delays, but the general factors that affect the outcome, including the successes and the expedience of the project generally. See Chan, A., Scott, D. Chan, A. (2004) â€Å"Factors Affecting the Success of a Construction Project† Journal of Construction Engineering Management, Vol 130(1), pp. 153 – 155 4. Consider the underlying theoretical considerations of Project Management and explain by way of example the implementation of these considerations in practice. Basically, this question will take a case study of a construction or other company inNigeriaand use this company to demonstrate the application of theoretical issues in PM This topic requires demonstration of theory in practice by way of case study. See Soderlund, J. (2004) â€Å"Building theories of project management: past research, questions for the future† International Journal of Project Management, Vol 22, pp. 183 – 191 How to cite Project Management Dissertation, Essays

Child Sexual Abuse free essay sample

A research proposal on the topic of child sexual abuse. This paper discusses sexual molestation of children. It provides a review of pertinent literature and quotes statistics relating to sexual offenders and victims. The paper outlines a proposal for a research, the purpose being to discover if females who are sexually abused before puberty are more likely to become sexually promiscuous when they begin the pubescent stage compared to females who were not sexually abused before puberty. Child sexual abuse, CSA, is said to occur when children experience sexual contact with an adult or an older child through coercion or deceptive manipulation at an age and stage of development at which the child does not posses sufficient maturity to understand the nature of the acts and therefore are not able to provide informed consent. Physical force is often not necessary due to the fact that the perpetrator is likely someone with whom the child has a trusting relationship and who is in a position of authority over the child (Arcus 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Child Sexual Abuse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The type of sexual contact may involve intercourse, touching or fondling the genitals or secondary sex organs with hands, mouth, or objects, or being forced to perform sexual acts with another person (Arcus 1998). A child may be coerced into disrobing and exposing themselves, or watching adults disrobe or engage in sexual activity, thus contact may not involve actually touching the child.

Federal Funds, a Short Term Loan free essay sample

5. Federal Funds Federal Funds represent the asset to lending bank and liability to borrowing bank. The loan in Federal funds is short-term loan. Usually, the loans are for one to seven days. These funds help the bank to correct short-tem fund imbalances. Federal funds rate is interest rate charged in the federal funds. It is same for all banks borrowing in federal funds market. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Funds, a Short Term Loan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Federal funds market more active on Wednesday because that is final day of each particular settlement period for which each bank must maintain a specified volume of reserves required by Fed. 6. Federal Funds Market Banks have to meet reserve requirements. Each Wednesday is the final day of each particular settlement period for which each bank must maintain a specified volume of reserves required by the Fed. When the bank does not meet the requirement, they have to borrow before settlement period ends. They can borrow in federal funds market. 7. Borrowing from Federal Reserve Rate is charged is primary credit lending rate. It is set at a level above the federal funds rate at any point in time, so bank will only borrow from Federal Reserve as last resort 10. Use of Funds Banks invest in securities because of the liquidity of securities. They can convert securities immediately Moreover, Investing in securities is easier. Managing in Financial Markets Summary and analyze 1. The bank has traditionally focused on CDs 2. It offers checking accounts money market deposit accounts (MMDAs) but it has not advertised these account: The bank does not have much short-term deposit. They cannot use short-term deposit to meet reserve requirement. 3. It pays about 3% points more on its CDs than on its MMDAs: obtaining CDs costs more than MMDAs, but the bank knows when the deposited fund is withdraw. Use of loans: Bank loans to build shopping malls and apartment complexes. The demand for real estate is low, so the probability of defaulted loan increases. a. Bank should continue to focus on attracting funds by offering CDs, it also push the other types of deposits such as MMDAs. The Bank should make push the MMDAs, because it is cheaper source of fund. Besides MMDAs, and CDs, bank can obtain fund from another source. The main fund sources of banks are deposit account (Transaction deposits, Saving deposit, time deposits, MMDAc), borrowed funds (Federal funds purchased, borrowing from the federal reserve banks, Repurchase agreements, Eurodollar borrowing) Long-term sources of funds (Bonds, bank capital) . Bank should not focus on real estate loans because it put bank in the riskier position. The real estate market is going down, so the probability of defaulted real estate loan will increase. The bank should diversify their using of fund to reduce the risk. The bank can make loan to small business or different industry firms to diversify its borrowers. The common uses of funds by banks can be: * Reserving as Cash, bank holds cash to meet the reserve requirement. * Loaning, the loan is tailored to the borrower’s need. Investing in securities, which enable cash out the securities whenever they want. * Selling Federal funds, The bank can lend their extra fund to other banks in federal fund market * Setting up repurchase agreements, the bank can lend their money by purchasing a corporations holding of treasury securities with agreement selling back at a later date. * Making Eurodollar loans, the bank can loan their dollar in foreign market for corporations who need U. S dollar for their transaction. * Investing in Fixed Asset, Bank has to maintain some amount of fixed assets as requirement. . The potential return on the banks use of funds will increase under my restructuring of asset portfolio if the small business and the different industry firms can do well and the increase in value of securities such as mortgage backed securiti es The cost of funds will be increase under restructuring. First, to generate more funds, the administrative and advertising expense will increase. Second, The cost of each source is different. If the bank obtains more MMDAs, it can reduce the cost of fund. However if it generate money by issuing bond, the cost of fund will be greater.

Composer Artist Paper essays

Composer Artist Paper essays The baroque period was characterized by a heroic, dramatic and emotional theme. With well know names like Rembrant, Bach, Pennini, Caravaggio, Bernini, Tintoretto, Velasques, Poussin, Handel, and Rubens, the period produced many popular pieces of music and art. The art of the period was filled with movement, light versus shadow, and the use of the whole surface. The composers incorporated new ideas into their music such as different major and minor scales, the use of the violin, a regular rhythm, a melody that was hard to sing to, terrace dynamics, the basso continuo, and instrumental music was now considered as good as vocal music. The baroque period was an important piece of history in the shaping of the music and art world. George Frideric Handel was a composer of amazing talents and abilities. Although in todays society he is not as well known as Bach, his work was kept in high regards by the people of the time. Both Handel and Bach were born in 1685 about a month apart, and together the world was stunned by the masterpieces created by these great minds. Handel, being born on February 23, in Halle, Germany, was not from a musical family. As a child he was introduced to the harpsichord by his aunt, and soon after he began to practice the art that he loved. His father showed no interest in Handels music and disowned him saying, " Then let him be a clown, a tightrope walker, a minstrel or a bear trainer!" On a business trip, Handel accompanied his father to the city of Weissenfels, where he happened to slip away into the town church, and began to play an improvised rendition of the postlude to the service. After seeing the remarkable talent of the young boy, the duke of the church persuaded Han dels father that "...to ignore this talent would be a sin against God."2 Handel began his lesson with Duke Zackow soon after, being instructed in the playing of the organ, the harpsichord, and the violin. At t...

Knowledge Management Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Knowledge Management Techniques - Essay Example Uriarte, 2008). The parking and preservation of corporate knowledge is relevant especially in today’s era, given that majority of work force oriented service is solely composed of knowledge workers. To successfully compete in the economy, companies have to treat the personnel providing the knowledge just as they would pay attention to any other strategic irreplaceable asset (Leistner, 2010). At high levels of the hierarchy of knowledge worker, certificates and university degrees from guilds or various organisations provide the self imposed labels that professionals and managers use in order to qualify for one of the positions in the organisation (Miltiadis et al, 2008). Knowledge workers have an overall picture of the business as oppose to the lower level front line workers, but there is the likeliness duplication of mistakes in the various departments since there is no strategy or media for information sharing example in an organisation professionals in various departments ma y be doing some experiments with out sourcing, independently each discovering that saving promised is far much less that suggested in the popular business press. Knowledge management is fundamentally about a systematic approach to other information and managing intellectual assets in a way that the company is provided with an edge to competitive advantage. Knowledge management is an optimisation strategy for business, and it is not limited to a particular source of information or technology (Uden and Eardley, 2010). A wide variety of IT (Information Technologies) plays a key role in knowledge management initiatives, simply because of the effort provided over manual operations and savings in time. Knowledge management is agnostic when it comes to source and type of information, ranging from a document describing the process a customer support representative uses to escalate

Creation and implementation of an effective recruiting and retention Research Paper

Creation and implementation of an effective recruiting and retention program - Research Paper Example Regards †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Problem statement 3 3. Review of current practices 3 4. Strategic plan for recruitment and retention 4 5. Implementation strategy 5 6. Final recommendations and possible outcomes 5 7. Conclusions 6 References Appendices 1. Introduction: Current businesses are challenged with high employee turnover irrespective of various human resource development and employee-friendly practices. Therefore, it is imperative for organizations to explore various other opportunities to reduce employee turnover while abiding by obligatory requirements, which can save costs and improve profits. This paper presents some potential solutions to high employee turnover issues in addition to some recommendations for implementing these solutions before concluding with key points. 2. Problem Statement: Recruiting and retaining the older and disabled work groups are challenging, but provide many advantages too. Organizations in the IT sec tor, like Cognizant Technology Solutions (CTS), invest huge amount of money in developing their employees to perform as per expected standards, which eventually lead to losses when employees leave for outside opportunities. Immense competition and advanced communication technologies that have given rise to numerous opportunities have constantly haunted organizations in the IT sectors resulting in large voluntary employee turnover. Most of the times, practices in recruiting and retaining employees do not seem to be aligned to organizational strategies and long-term objectives; one such example is practices to implement diversity. Most of the companies do not put optimum efforts to hire diverse workforce, which can actually provide competitive advantage. 3. Review of current practices: Strategic human resources management focuses on integrating human resource planning, recruitment, selection and retention in a manner that not only assists in achieving organizational or departmental ob jectives but also sustain the organizational position and performance through effective HR practices and procedures (Armstrong, 2008). Currently, most of the recruitment occurs electronically as this medium provides larger database to recruit the best candidate; however, this medium provides little or no personal/human contact that would be required for appropriate assessment of the candidate. Moreover, usage of internet is not similar among all groups of job seekers. For instance, Scott, Snell and Bohlander point out at the 2010 study by Kessler Foundation, which indicated only 54% of disabled using internet for job search compared to 85% of non-disabled candidates. Such disproportion could affect company’s efforts towards exercising diversity, which is a legal and moral obligation. Spiezia (2002) highlights that employing older workers can be beneficial, a very important retention program employed by some organizations, but ignored by many. Studies indicate that older worke rs are more loyal, committed, honest compared to younger counterparts (Spiezia, 2002); however, some studies also indicate that the reason for many organizations overlooking older workforce is lower productivity, slower learning and potential health risk (Ashworth, 2008). Nevertheless, employing older and disabled workforce is a legal and moral obligation of organizations. Moreover, worker shortages can be overcome by employing the older and disabled

Is the Internet Ruining English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is the Internet Ruining English - Essay Example Why should be English be afraid of the internet? If the changes and additions in the language have been accepted in the past, the only noticeable issue with internet and English is the speed of the former, meaning how it has accelerated the process. This cannot be attributed to the negative trait. One cannot expect the internet--savvy modern combustible younger generation to read William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens. If they creative computer games, it is their choice. The language perfectionists argue that text messaging has spoiled the beauty of communications through grammatically perfect language and through complete sentences. One who sends the message is certainly not writing a paper for the competitive examination. If texts are filled with abbreviation and the one who reads that text perfectly understands the message conveyed, the purpose is served. Such practice was also vogue in the good old days when people sent telegrams with short and crisp messages. When small childre n lisp and try to communicate, will not the elders enjoy that communication? The longevity and popularity of such communications relate to their unequivocal acceptance. Formulation of new words is like finding of a new star in the galaxy. Once it is found, it has to be admitted as part of the galaxy and it is the permanent member of the star formations. The argument that technospeak will rule at the cost of standards and creativity, is a wishful thinking.Even assuming that globalization will impose sameness if that is for the betterment of humankind, there is nothing wrong with it. Just like the members of a family speak one language, the â€Å"global family† when it adopts certain uniform computer terminologies, it will be for greater good.

India’s Twelfth Fifth Year Plan | Analysis

India’s Twelfth Fifth Year Plan | Analysis Understanding Macroeconomics (India) Introduction Lately, India has risen as a vibrant economy with a developing local business sector and an incomprehensible system of freely supported Rd establishments. The quality of the Indian economy is situated to some extent on key arranging through the nations five-year plans, which have been used since 1951. The main Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, displayed the initial five-year plan to the Parliament in 1951, which announced inside it an arranged plan of Inr 20.69 billion to be designated to seven expansive regions including; watering system and vitality, farming and group improvement, transport and correspondences, industry, social administrations, land recovery, and the remaining plan to different areas and administrations. The most essential characteristic of this stage was dynamic part of state in all budgetary divisions. The focus for GDP development of the initial 5-year arrangement was set at 2.1 percent for consistently. In actuality, the genuine accomplished development was 3.6% for every year, which fortified the assumption in regards to the viability of the Five-year Plan framework (Rakshit, 2009). India’s Twelfth Fifth Year Plan The Twelfth Five-Year Plan which became effective in 2012 and stretches out until 2017, has set a target development rate of 8.2% of GDP, however the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 Dec 2012 sanction a 8% development rate, communicating concern in regards to the crumbling worldwide circumstance. It is not conceivable to think about a normal of 9 percent (in twelfth Plan). I think some place between 8 and 8.5 percent is attainable said Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia on the sidelines of a gathering of State Planning Boards and offices. The twelfth Five Year Plan additionally says multiplying Indias Gross Expenditure in Rd from its present level of 1% of GDP (Indias Governments using on Rd places it in the worldwide main 10 with Usd36b, barely behind the UK (Mohammad Ali, 2009). At the end of 2016-17, the Indian Government will raise its own particular financing to 1% of GDP and will try to absorb sufficient fortifying measures to raise the private divisions venture to 1% of GDP (Mohammad Ali, 2009). This obliges an expert conveyance component of Government backing to industry for building its engineering profundity and invigorating its venture in Rd. So as to invigorate the private segments speculation in Rd, an inventive pilot venture known as the Global Innovation Technology Alliance (GITA) was started by the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and the Department of Science Technology (DST) , and Government of India in 2007-08. The DST, under its respective multilateral Science Technology Cooperation concurrences with more than 70 nations, propelled modern Rd programs with Canada and Israel as pilot undertakings (Mohammad Ali, 2009). Through these projects, India and the accomplice nation assign subsidizing to help businesses occupied with joint modern Rd ventures In the nation particular system with Israel – the India-Israel Initiative for Industrial Rd (i4rd) , mutually actualized in Israel with MATIMOP – The Israel Industry Center for Rd, if one industry accomplice from India and one industry accomplice from Israel propose together to lead Rd for creating an attractive item, both the administrations give monetary backing up to half of task expense to their separate commercial enterprises, once the undertaking is together approved (Mohammad Ali, 2009). India’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) Customer Price Index (CPI) in India expanded to 139.10 Index Points in April of 2014 from 138.10 Index Points in March of 2014. Customer Price Index (CPI) in India arrived at the midpoint of 122.89 Index Points from 2011 until 2014, arriving at an unequalled high of 139.40 Index Points in November of 2013 and a record low of 105 Index Points in February of 2011. Buyer Price Index (CPI) in India is accounted for by the Labour Bureau, Government of India (Narayanan, 2012). General expansion in the sustenance crate, including refreshments, expanded to 9.1 for every penny in March from 8.57 for every penny in the past month, as indicated by buyer value list (CPI) information discharged by the CSO today (Rakshit, 2009). Vegetable costs expanded 16.8 for every penny in March as against a 14.04 for every penny climb in February. The costs of soil grown foods climbed 17.19 for every penny contrasted and a 15.79 for every penny build in February. Retail or buyer expansion in protein-rich things, for example, eggs, fish and meat moved to 9.54 for every penny in March from 9.69 for every penny in February. The rate of value ascent for oats and related items regulated to 9.61 for every penny in March from 9.93 for every penny. Nonetheless, the cost of milk and its items expanded 11.02 for every penny in March contrasted and 10.37 for every penny in the past month. Costs of toppings and flavours climbed 8.87 for every penny from 8.48 for every penny in February. Retail expansion has been moving for three months since December 2013. Government information prior today indicated expansion as measured by the wholesale value record rose to a three-month high of 5.7 for every penny in March, chiefly because of a spurt in costs of sustenance things, for example, potato, onion and soil grown foods (Narayanan, 2012). India’s Inflation Rate The swelling rate in India was recorded at 8.59 percent in April of 2014. Expansion Rate in India found the middle value of 9.67 Percent from 2012 until 2014, arriving at a record-breaking high of 11.16 Percent in November of 2013 and a record low of 7.55 Percent in January of 2012. Swelling Rate in India is accounted for by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India. Causes of India’s Inflation Its troublesome to say whether Indias proceeding scourge of high expansion need to do anything with any such interruption, notwithstanding what numerous say is a powerless decision government plagued by assertions of debasement and strategy lull, climbing religious roughness in parts of the nation, and a breakdown of bipartisanship prompting parliamentary halt every once in a while. For about four years now, swelling has harassed India tirelessly, pushing up costs, consuming funds, harming the poor most and making life troublesome for its extensive white collar class. Between December 2009 and August 2013, wholesale value expansion which measures swelling at the processing plant door arrived at the midpoint of in excess of 8%. Purchaser expansion which reflects shop and business sector costs has floated between 7.65% and 10.91% since January 2012 (PALIWAL, 2013). Impacts of such Inflation The effect of swelling in Indian economy is declines the obtaining force of dollar and expansions the worth of products and items, particularly those that hails from other nation. Then again, it has a positive impact for the individuals who are winning different monetary standards like dollar. The impact of inflation in Indian economy is decreases the purchasing power of dollar and increases the value of goods and commodities, especially those that comes from other country (Narayanan, 2012). However, it has a positive effect for those who are earning other currencies like dollar. India’s Government Step towards Inflation In India, the legislature is recognizing measures to handle high expansion, as spiraling nourishment costs rise as a key concern. There are developing stresses over the effect of runaway expansion on Indias vigorous financial development. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met top bureau priests for the second straight day, Wednesday, to work out a system to check climbing nourishment costs. The abnormal amount gathering was assembled as nourishment swelling took off to more than 18 percent the most astounding in more than a year (Rakshit, 2009). Conclusion In view of the results given above it might be reasoned that: a. The presence of co-integrating relationship between the variables uncovers a long run connection between them. This obviously infers that the CPI is impacted by the IIP, RM what’s more IMP. b. The ECM mathematical statement is profoundly noteworthy. This infers that the CPI changes with past period pattern and slacks in different variables. So likewise it reacts to past approach basics. c. The IRF indicates that the reaction to stun by the CPI mathematical statement is felt after around 12 months. This intimates that the CPI reacts to stuns after a slack. d. The FEVD of CPI tosses exceptionally urgent light on the determinants of swelling in India. Cash supply does impact the expansion, however the effect is fleeting. The effect on expansion because of the outer division is additionally extremely quick however fleeting. The hugest effect on swelling comes by means of the IIP (PALIWAL, 2013). From the above examination, it could be inferred that the Indian expansion is majorly a interest draw swelling. This is on account of both the cash supply and the IIP speak to the current request in the economy. Notwithstanding, the supply side components which come by means of the imports likewise Impact the swelling in the short run. In addition, the brief time effect of the Imports shows that the outer components are not the central point affecting the expansion. This suggests that our theory that expansion in India in the post liberalization period is because of outer variables is deficient. Therefore the adjustment approaches ought to be proactive by concentrating on the interest administration approaches on a long haul premise, and supply administration arrangements remembering their fleeting effect on expansion. Acknowledging the slack in the effect of IIP, such adjustment approaches will be great. References Rakshit, M. (2009).India amidst the global crisis.Economic and Political Weekly, 94-106. Retrieved: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40278667?uid=3738832uid=2uid=4sid=21103776467371 Mohammad, S. D., Hussain, A., Ali, A. (2009). Impact of macroeconomics variables on stock prices: empirical evidence in case of KSE (Karachi Stock Exchange).European Journal of Scientific Research,38(1), 96-103. Retrieved:Â  http://www.researchgate.net/publication/202329264_Impact_of_Macroeconomics_Variables_on_Stock_Prices_Emperical_Evidance_in_Case_of_KSE/file/5b0950e45b76dae18e57dd954b1b8620.pdf Narayanan, S. (2012).Inflation in India.The Indian Economy Since 1991: Economic Reforms and Performance, 2/e, 216. Retrieved: http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=L4SvlRblIggCoi=fndpg=PT193dq=inflation+of+indiaots=C76Mr3k33Hsig=0UazG-M2u-sPF1Gi3vTX0RpKrNw PALIWAL, J. (2013). INCREASING PRESSURE OF INFLATION ON INDIAS MACROECONOMIC STABILITY: AN OVERVIEW.International Journal of Research in Computer Application Management,3(1). Retrieved: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueprofile=ehostscope=siteauthtype=crawlerjrnl=22311009AN=87676257h=6JK8Xw%2FP0hTVztFtk%2BJW6tBQUd52dYCOEQLA7lJ5b3JfDWrEqXuz84CrijFcbnHE9vH95DDkHahYRSRnXncXHA%3D%3Dcrl=c

The Life of Daniel Defoe Essay -- English Literature Authors Daniel De

The Life of Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe was easily one of the most influential and accomplished English author/writer of all time. Not only is Daniel Defoe considered as the founder of the English novel along with Samuel Richardson, but he was also a critical figure in European journalism and political commentary. Defoe has produced as much as 200 works of non fiction and 2,000 short essays in various periodical publications. In addition to over half a dozen full length novels such as Robinson Crusoe, a tale of a shipwrecked sailor stranded on a remote island. Defoe has done more than anyone else in his lifetime; he was a merchant, business owner, soldier, editor, journalist, and writer. Much of his life he was oppressed because of his religion, beliefs, and political and social ideals, because of his opposition to the church and state he was jailed and imprisoned many times. Defoe's writing reflected the fast growth of the English Middle class with new business opportunities in 1600-1700. Daniel Foe was born in London sometime in 1660 to an English butcher and candle merchant James Foe. He later changed his surname to Defoe, probably to return to his old foreign family name. His father was a Dissenter, a Presbyterian protestant who was not a part of the established Anglican Church. Defoe's mother died when he was 10, and his father sent him to boarding school. At the time Dissenters could not attend Cambridge and Oxford universities(unless they take an oath to the Church of England), in fact at the time Dissenters were prosecuted slightly by the Catholic who were the majority of the country. Dissenters had to send their children to dissenting academies. At the age of 14 Defoe went to attend a dissentin... ...and economic surroundings effected human nature. His novels are important in history because they mark an important break from traditional long poems and dramas. Defoe created reality of what we are reading by presenting realistic details and conditions. Defoe's complex lifestyle contributed to his understanding of people and the world. Annotated Bibliography "Daniel Defoe @ Catharton" . Biography of Daniel Defoe expressing his involvement with religion and politics. Books and Writers Online. . Biography of Daniel Defoe quoting and describing the work that he has published and produced. With a list of work along with dates. Daniel 'The True-Born Englishman' Defoe - Incomptech . Summery of important events in life of Daniel Defoe. His imprisonment and struggle by the Catholic church. "Daniel Defoe" World Book Encyclopedia. 234. 1992.

Discuss the Journeys Represented in the Happiest Refugee

A Journey is a physical or psychological adventure that takes from one place to another. Various types of Journeys can be seen clearly in the three texts studied this year: The Happiest Refugee extract, written by Ann. DOD in 2010, The Silver Donkey novel by Sonny Hairnets in 2004 and the film Bend It Like Beckman directed by Grinder Chad in 2002. The techniques that the composer uses to express the journeys are personification, onomatopoeia, repetition, similes, metaphors, music and acting skills. In The Happiest Refuge, there are both physical and emotional Journeys.The extract s about Vietnam refugees escape from their war-torn country in an overcrowded, battered boat. The aim of their Journey was to safely reach Australia. Throughout their physical Journey they had to overcome many problems. For example when refugees' boat engine started spluttering, the reader is in suspense because the refugees Journey could come to an end. â€Å"†¦ The engine was spewing out thick petrol fumes†¦ † This quote uses the technique personification to gives the reader a better description and mental picture of the physical Journey. Ann. DOD also uses onomatopoeia to create a more vivid image of the experience.For example, when the patrol boat starts shooting at the refugees, their life is at risk. â€Å"Bang! Bang! Bang! † The technique onomatopoeia communicates the danger of the physical Journey and how all of their hard work, effort and preparation could all come to a halt so easily. Emotional Journeys are also represented in The Happiest Refugee. Throughout their overall Journey, the refugees faced emotions of fear, hope, relief and frustration. They were in constant fear that they could be caught by the army. In one case, pirates approached their boat forcing them to give over all of their goods. The refugees' were in a state of shock and horror. We stood there silent and numb, like sheep awaiting slaughter. † Ann. DOD uses a simile to describ e the emotions that the refugees were facing. The simile expresses the feeling of fright and makes the reader feel the same way. In other situations, feelings of weakness are conveyed. â€Å"†¦ SHUT UP! † The pirates created emotional Journeys for the refugees as they made them feel vulnerable. The quote is an example of the confidence and power of the pirates because of the emotive language as well as the exclamation mark and capital letters o stress the words. Imaginary and physical Journeys are represented in The Silver Donkey.The novel is about two sisters who find a wounded soldier in the woods. The soldier is trying to get back home so the children help and take care of him. The soldier tells the journeys. For example in one of the tales, an old donkey named Hazel is told to carry a pregnant woman a far distance. The donkey has to try and make it the distance since he is very weak to show his loyalty to his owner. â€Å"Steadily, steadily she walked keeping the da ncing baby safe†¦ † The author uses the technique repetition and alliteration to convey the imaginary Journey. This is not a real life Journey; it is the soldier making up a story.Another type of Journey that is conveyed in The Silver Donkey is the physical Journey of the soldier. The soldier has fled from the awful environment of war. He has been physically damaged resulting in weakness and suffering psychological blindness. â€Å"The soldier struggled to see the boy through the lingering fog in his eyes† This metaphor represents the physical Journey of his blindness. In the film Bend It Like Beckman there are both cultural and emotional Journeys. It is bout an Indian girl, Jess, who loves to play soccer although her family is totally against it as it's not their tradition.Jess has a special talent for the sport and knows that she can succeed in it as a career so she lies to her parent's and secretly Joins a soccer team. Jess' cultural Journey begins when she deci des that she is not going to follow her Indian culture as she can't be herself and please her family. Throughout the film Jess is switching between her fake, home Indian life and her real, outside soccer life. This cultural Journey is represented through music. When Jess is at home, vying an Indian lifestyle, there is sad, Indian music playing.Then when she is outside playing soccer there is upbeat, Joyful music playing. This technique displays that Jess is not happy with wanting to follow her Indian cultural values and is happier being herself. The emotional Journey of Jess' parent's is how they have to learn to accept who Jess is and what she wants to do with her life. At first her parent's are strict on her, not wanting her to play at all but they eventually saw the talent their daughter had and accepted it. Their emotional Journey comes from being ashamed and annoyed to coming proud and happy for their child.This Journey is conveyed from the use of drama and emotions of the acto rs. When the parent's are ashamed, their attitude is angry and disappointed and then when their emotions towards their daughter change they have a more positive attitude. When they have a positive attitude their face softens and their eyes become more warming. In conclusion the three texts studied display the types of emotional, physical, imaginary and cultural Journeys. These Journeys are clearly expressed through the techniques such as personification, onomatopoeia, repetition, music and acting skills.

Essay on Autonomous Car Services for SingaporeEssay Writing Service

Essay on Autonomous Car Services for SingaporeEssay Writing Service Essay on Autonomous Car Services for Singapore Essay on Autonomous Car Services for SingaporeThe transportation system of Singapore is well-developed but commuters use public transportation and taxis mainly. In this regard, the niche of the autonomous car services for Singapore is free and open for the entry. This is why the introduction of autonomous car services for Singapore is an effective way to launch business successfully.The development of the new business focuses on the provision of customers with hiring autonomous car services. Cars will be available to customers in parking lots, where customers can take their cars from. They can hire cars online and take the car after the payment is made. Customers can use the car as long as they need and return the car to the parking lot after the expiration of the hiring time customers have paid for. Cars will be equipped with the autonomous navigation system, such as GIS and GPS. As a result, customers will not need a taxi or a driver. Instead, they will be able to drive their cars themselves and remain autonomous.Exclusivity is one of the main advantages of the new services because no other rival in Singapore offers autonomous car services. Customers can enjoy the comfort of using their cars as taxi but they will be able to use the hired cars as long as they want and pay lower costs for using the cars. The available navigation system will help customers to get to their destination and travel throughout Singapore autonomously.Advanced scheduling for pickups is another advantage of the new service since customers will be able to schedule pickups accurately and respectively to their needs and wants. They can enjoy using their cars and get access to their cars wherever and whenever they want.In addition, no human interaction is required because customers will not need to waste their time on the extra communication with the personnel of the company. Instead, they will just make the order online and get the car whenever and wherever they need it. Therefore, they ca n use autonomous car services as if cars are their own for the time they pay for. No human interaction will also help the company to save costs on the personnel since the company will not need to employ new professionals to deliver autonomous car services.Furthermore, the company ensures the protection of the customer privacy. They will not uncover their private information to the third parties. Moreover, even the personnel of the company will have the limited access to the private information of customers. Therefore, customers’ privacy will be fully protected.At the same time, convenience is another advantage of the new service because customers will enjoy the simple ordering system and the fast delivery of their cars. They will not waste their time on negotiations but make all transactions online and get their cars.Finally, autonomous car services offer customers the high level of safety since all customers will be ensured and they will use safe and reliable cars. Cars will undergo technical testing regularly to ensure that they will function properly and without problems.Thus, the new services that can be introduced in Singapore open new opportunities for the successful business development. Autonomous car services are attractive for investments and can bring considerable benefits.

BlackHawk Down essays

BlackHawk Down essays Columbia Pictures starring Josh Harnett, Ewan McGregor, Tom Sizemore, William Fichtner, Eric Bana, Ron Eldard, and Sam Shepard released Black Hawk Down in 2001. It was directed and produced by Ridley Scott and Jerry Bruckheimer. Mark Bowden wrote the story, and Ken Nolan wrote the screenplay. The film is about an elite group of American Rangers and Delta Force soldiers who were sent to Somalia in 1993 to capture a violent warlord whose corrupt regime had lead to the starvation of hundreds of thousands of Somalis. The movie could have told the stories of hundreds of soldiers that were there but it focused on only a few. The main characters in this movie were, Staff Sergeant Matt Eversmann, played by Josh Hartnett, Sergeant 1st Class Norm Hoot Gibson, played by Eric Bana, Company Clerk John Gohn Grimes, played by Ewan McGregor, Lt. Colonel Danny McKnight, played by Tome Sizemore, Sergeant 1st Class Jeff Sanderson, played by William Fichtner, Major General William Garrison, played by Sam Shepard, and Chief Warrant Officer Mike Durant, played by Ron Eldard. Black Hawk Down accurately depicts the battle that the American troops had to face to help the people of Somalia. The Army Rangers and the Delta Force are known today as elite fighting forces in the U.S. Armed Forces. In the film the soldiers continued to fight even though they were out numbered and had a lot of wounded and dead soldiers. The men of Delta Force and the Army Rangers always stood by each other and said, it is about the man next to you. The Delta Force and Army Rangers are very strong forces. They hold themselves at a higher level then other units in the armed forces. The Rangers Creed is used to symbolize the heart and effort of each soldier. The Rangers Creed is, Recognizing that I volunteered as a Ranger, fully knowing the hazards of my chosen profession, I will always endeavor to uphold the prestige, honor, and high esprit de ...

How could a company reduce it's high of absenteeism Research Proposal - 1

How could a company reduce it's high of absenteeism - Research Proposal Example Notwithstanding its size, it has been experiencing absenteeism problems. The company was founded in 1930 as American Airways; however the first flights commenced in 1934. American Airlines operates out of four hubs in the USA- one each at JFK, Miami, O’Hare and Los Angeles Airports, while its headquarters remains at Dallas Forth Worth Airport. American Airlines has a fleet of 621 aircraft as of December 2010. Tom Horton is the President and Gerard Arpey is the current CEO. American Airlines is one of the most reputed airlines in the USA. However due to its sheer size, it has had its share of problems. Among these, absenteeism has been reported a key factor affecting its service delivery. Through this project, I seek not only to find the reasons behind this unfortunate circumstance; I also attempt to find the reasons and to try to solve the problem by applying the theories of management and organizational behavior towards this end. I hope I have impressed upon at least some employees the value of honest and true service and the need to cut down absenteeism to the very minimum. 5. What do you think that American Airlines needs to do in order to motivate you and other employees to work more honestly and as a team to improve service levels, efficiency and effectiveness at American Airlines? (Thank you for your support and assistance. I assure you that this information will be kept strictly confidential, and will not be shared with anyone except my class teacher and fellow students for the purpose of my assignment). In addition to talking to people, making observations can be a good source of primary research on a problem. Since I was looking at the causes of absenteeism and wanted to correct the situation, I chose to relax in front of the American Airlines Customer Service Counter one afternoon and observe service attitudes in action. 3. Morale and work attitude determined through demeanor, conduct with passengers, willing to hear them out

American Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Enlightenment - Essay Example The essay compares and analyses drug reform policy and the tools of American enlightenment within the framework of different aspects. Comparative Analysis According to the social contract, the policy reforms does not belief that citizens are the ones able to bring down the supply, distribution, marketing, and manufacture of harmful drug. Therefore, the policy reform does not give citizens the mandatory to decide about ways of reducing drug consumption; it only gives the solution to the problem without regards from its citizen. On the hand, one of the American enlightened group oppose the reforms and argue that it is the American citizens to decide their fate. They advocate that, drug addiction in the community should be addressed as the public health problem and not as criminal issue as the reform stipulates (Koch, 2009, p. 45). According to the reform policy it calls for decriminalization of citizens involved in supply, marketing distribution, and manufacturer. Contrary to the refor m, other groups in America strongly disagree with the move of decriminalization of citizen as a result of possessing illegal drugs. On the classical liberalism, it advocates for policies which allows or increase prosperity among citizens. The policy on drug reform does not allow free trade and world peace. According to the policy, it will decriminalize any citizen involved in illegal drugs either through supply, marketing, or manufacture of the drug. Although the policy intents to reduce penalties that it is currently imposed to those involved in drug trafficking, it does not allow free trade to occur (Koch, 2009, p. 45). Therefore, drug reform law does not empower the drug users or offer solution to the menace. In regards to the policy, the central purpose of drug decriminalization was to reduce harm to the society and not allow businesses of drug to continue; it is believed to be the cause of death, over use, and deaths. Contrary to the drug reform policy, the American enlightened group opposes the reform citing that it does not consider the large population that supplies drugs. According to Americans for safe access and high times freedom fighters, they strongly advocate the reform on drug policy, calling for the government to license those that are involved in the supply and marketing the drugs. According to the group, they support free trade and world peace; they believe that after licensing the business people, it will lead to the free trade hence reducing the gap between poor and rich. In relation with the group, they term that it is only those whom are rich that benefit from drug trafficking; they are able to corrupt officers of the government. Therefore, to lessen poverty among the community; drug suppliers, and distributers should be allowed to trade freely. For that reason, the groups concern is in relation to the classical liberalism On elitism, the reform policy allows legalization of some drugs that are currently prohibited by United States gover nment. The policy states that, some drugs need to be fully legalized some of the regulated drugs. The legalized drugs should remain under the government; it should control the flow of the drugs (Koch, 2009, p. 45). The government should ensure that these drugs are well labeled; on the label it should contain the dosage for an individual to consume and the medical

Managing customer and suppliers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing customer and suppliers - Assignment Example Place____________________________________________________________7 8. Item ____________________________________________________________7 9. Conclusion _______________________________________________________9 10. References ______________________________________________________10 Impact of the theory of six rights on the construction of the Aquatics Centre for Balfour Beatty Introduction The theory of the six rights clearly states the importance of supplying customer satisfaction by following six basic standards including timely delivery, quality and quantity assurance and price, place and item standardization. All suppliers, manufacturers and service providers try to follow these basic guidelines for success. Background The planning for the 2012 London Olympics have led to great amends and development in the London area and the transformation of the heart of East London by the development of the Olympics village. The total budget of 5254 million pounds was initially allocated for the Olympic Development Association (Sean Dodd, 2010)and Balfour Beatty, the large British infrastructure provider, won the contract for building the 17500 seater Aquatics centre. The company is an imminent infrastructure provider whose key aim is to continue reliable and responsible growth in shareholder value. (Beatty, 2008). Some of the most high profile projects of the company included Arsenal Emirates Stadium and the Terminal 5 of the Heathrow airport. For the aquatics centre, the key requirements of the Olympics had to be fulfilled within a certain time limit and a budget and the strict observation of both of them was essential. The project was to include different training and warming pools, adjustable spectator areas, changing areas and a cafe. Other requirements included the building to be sustainable with as little impact on the environment as well. This is besides the fact that the development and the functioning are expected to be extremely safe and family friendly. Thus di fferent user rights for satisfaction of the Olympians and spectators in particular and the public in general have to be fulfilled. Balfour Beatty has to ensure that these basic rights are not compromised on any occasion during construction and the following functioning. Following of these six rights is not only a stringent requirement of the contract providers but is also essential for the efficiency and increased productivity of Balfour Beatty. Time The time frame of the project is extremely crucial as it is no ordinary airport or building but an event centre being developed for a certain event. Thus it has to be ensured that the project is fully completed well before 2012 and the proposed deadline is 2011. (Balfour Beatty wins 2012 Aquatic centre, 2008). The time limit posed also tests Balfour Beatty's commitment to its projects as it measures its efficiency. The deadline of projection completion in 2011 also prevents any extra costs as late deliveries and late processing always s piral the cost of construction. Timely supply chain management, which is Balfour Beatty's trademark also reduces the cost by increasing the lead time while ordering and the just in time inventory assures that storage costs are further decreased. Thus the project time line if followed suitably will allow the project to be completed well within the proposed budget generating good revenues for the company. The most recent development showed that the Aquatics centre will be completed in 7 months which is almost a year ahead of the schedule.

Deviant behavior Essay Example for Free

Deviant behavior Essay The labeling theory and the social control theory are two explanations behind the concept of deviance. The labeling theory argues that society itself creates deviance by classifying certain behaviors or people as deviant. The social control theory, meanwhile, believes that deviance is a result of the failure of social institutions to enforce societal norms. Labeling and Social Control Theories Every culture has norms or standards that distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior. Actions or behaviors that go against cultural norms are referred to as deviance. To understand why some individuals resort to deviance, sociologists and criminologists first analyze how norms are created, modified and enforced. The labeling theory and the social control theory are just two of the explanations these experts have come up with regarding the nature of deviance. Labeling Theory The labeling theory argues that people assume deviant roles in society. No conduct or individual is inherently deviant – society itself creates deviance by classifying certain behaviors or people as deviant. Those who observe deviant manners acquire deviant identities by internalizing deviant labels that society imposes on them. Instead of finding the root cause of deviance, society will attribute it to particular behaviors or people (Kontos and Brotherton, 2008). Proponents of the labeling theory claim that the social group is the one responsible for deviance. It creates norms in order to differentiate conventional people from deviants. Norms, however, are detrimental in the sense that it does not recognize the difference between rule breakers or rule-breaking behavior and deviants or deviant behavior. A person is dismissed as deviant regardless of whether or not his or her actions actually violated any norm (Hamlin, n. d. ). The Stages of Labeling According to the American sociologist Howard Becker, a person undergoes three stages when he is transformed from being regarded as normal to being recognized and labeled as deviant. The first stage is the initial â€Å"public† labeling or the informal process of labeling that eventually becomes an official definition of a person as deviant. Examples of this are the shoplifter who is tried in court and is sent to prison as a â€Å"criminal† and the drunk whom the doctor or the psychiatrist diagnoses as an â€Å"alcoholic. † The process of labeling begins with just the doctor, psychiatrist and judge, and then finally spreads to the entire community (Slattery, 2003). The second stage involves the official label’s overriding of all the other statuses and symbols that a person previously had. Society will severe ties with this individual and deny him or her opportunities for advancement. The father who becomes an alcoholic, for instance, ends up being divorced by his wife and abandoned by his children. The ex-convict, meanwhile, is unable to buy a house or get a job because of his criminal record (Slattery, 2003). The third stage is characterized by the label severely damaging the self-esteem of the person involved. The â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† begins to take place – he or she may live up to the deviant label that society imposed on him or her by assuming a deviant lifestyle. He or she may also withdraw from â€Å"conventional† society by seeking support and status from other deviants who share similar lifestyles. An occasional drug user, for instance, may live up to his â€Å"reputation† as a junkie by going to underground bars and clubs frequented by drug addicts. The juvenile delinquent, on the other hand, may later become a professional criminal, in accordance to what society labeled him (Slattery, 2003).

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic Disease In St Lucia Health And Social Care Essay Chronic disease is a disease of a long duration and generally slow progression (WHO, 2010). The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics states that a chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more. These chronic diseases normally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just vanish. Chronic diseases are mainly caused by three major risk factors tobacco use, poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Majority of these risk factors are themselves worsened by poor socioeconomic determinants, such as lack of education and poverty. Most often these determinants are a indication of the main forces driving social, economic and cultural transition, including globalisation, urbanisation and an aging populations. Chronic diseases are affecting population health as the epidemiological transition progresses and are the lead cause of mortality worldwide and pose increasing problems for the burden of disease and quality of life in developed and developing countries (WHO, 2003). Non communicable diseases include a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory disease, mental-health problems and musculo- skeletal disorders. The first four mentioned above account for approximately 50% of mortality globally, and share behavioural risk factors, such as excess calorie consumption, diets high in saturated and transfatty acids, excessive intake of alcohol, physical inactivity, and tobacco smoking. Approximately 35 million people have died from heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases in the year 2005. The burdens of these diseases are equally shared among men and women, and are more prevalent in people under the age 70 (WHO, 2004). 80% of chronic disease deaths occur in low and middle income countries. Figure 1: Global distribution of total deaths (58 million) by cause in 2005. The age-specific death rates between the years 2005 2015 are projected to fluctuate slightly, Nevertheless, the ageing populations will result in an overall increase in chronic disease death rates for all ages combined. In 2005, all chronic diseases account for 72% of the total global burden of disease in the population aged 30 years and older. The total lost years of healthy life due to chronic diseases, as measured by DALYs, are greater in adults aged 30-59 years than for ages 60 years and older. More than 80% of the burden of chronic diseases occurs in people under the age of 70 years. Table 1: Projected global deaths and burden of disease due to chronic disease by age 2005- 2015 Deaths (Million) DALYs (millions) Deaths per 10000 DALYs per 100000 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015 0-29 years 17 15 220 219 48 40 6320 5994 30-59 years 7 8 305 349 311 297 13304 13375 60-69 7 8 101 125 1911 1695 27965 26396 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥70 20 24 99 116 6467 6469 32457 31614 All ages 35 41 725 808 549 577 11262 11380 World Health Organization projects that, globally, NCD deaths will increase by 17% over the next ten years. The greatest increase of 27 %and 25 % respectively will be seen in the African region and the Eastern Mediterranean region (WHO,) 1.2 Types of chronic diseases 1.2.1Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease CVD is the term used by the scientific community to embrace not just conditions of the heart [ischemic heart disease (IHD), valvular, muscular, and congenital heart disease but also hypertension and conditions involving the cerebral, carotid, and peripheral circulation. The risk of CVD is related to diet, physical activity, and body ( ). The patterns of food supplies and of food and nutrition that modify the risk of CVD are also well known. Whereas CVD was once largely confined to high-income countries, it is now the number one cause of death worldwide as well as in low- and middle-income countries, where 80 percent of the worlds 13 million annual CVD deaths occur. And at least 21 million years of disability-adjusted life years (or DALYs, a measure of future productive life) are lost globally because of CVD each year. The vast majority of CVD can be attributed to conventional risk factors such as tobacco use, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, lipid abnormalities, obesity, and physical inactivity. Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of chronic disease death and were accounted for of 17 million deaths in 2002. It is estimated that by the year 2030, 24 million will die of CVD, of which 80% will occur in low and middle income countries (5). 1.2.2 Cancer Cancer is a major and growing disease burden worldwide. The number of new cancer cases is projected to increase from 10 million in 2000 to 15 million in 2020, 9 million of which would be in developing countries. The epidemiology of cancer in developing countries clearly differs from that in developed countries in important respects. While developed countries often have relatively high rates of lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer (some of which is tied to tobacco use, occupational carcinogens, and diet and lifestyle), up to 25% of cancers in developing countries is associated with chronic infections. Seven types of cancers account for approximately 60 percent of all newly diagnosed cancer cases and cancer deaths in developing countries: cervical, liver, stomach, esophageal, lung, colorectal, and breast. 1.2.3 Respiratory Diseases Chronic adult respiratory diseases-such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-are a major and growing burden in terms of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. COPD (which includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and obstructive airways disease) is largely linked with cigarette smoking as well as exposure to unvented coal-fired cooking stoves; it accounts for 2 percent of lost DALYs on a worldwide basis. 1.2.4 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes affects people worldwide and is one of the oldest diseases known. There are two common types of this disease: type 1and type 2 diabetes. Type-1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of all diagnosed diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. It accounts for 90-95% of diagnosed diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the worldwide prevalence of diabetes in adults to be around 173 million in 2002 and predicted that there will be at least 350 million people with Type 2 diabetes by 2030. At present about two-thirds of persons with diabetes live in developing countries and the majority of new cases will originate from these areas. The global increase in the incidence of diabetes is related to high levels of obesity associated with a change from traditional diets, diminishing levels of physical activity, population ageing and increasing urbanization. Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent form of diabetes on the global scale (6). For the past few decades, Diabetes Mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has predicted the global prevalence of all Diabetes will increase from 194 million in 2003 to 330 million in the year 2030 (7). 1.2.5 Hypertension Another commonly occurring chronic disease is hypertension. High blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Hypertension is sustained high blood pressure (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥140/90mmHg). Blood pressure itself is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Each time the heart beats (about 60-70 times a minute at rest), it pumps blood into the arteries. Blood pressure is at its highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood. This is called systolic blood pressure. When the heart is at rest, between beats, blood pressure falls. This is diastolic pressure. Blood pressure itself is not harmful it is essential as it is the force that drives blood through the blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the bodys organs and tissues and carry away waste materials. However, when blood pressure becomes too high it has damaging effects on almost every part of the body and can lead to serious illness and death. Hypertension is an important public health challenge worldwide because of its prevalence and its role as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Some of the risk factors of hypertension include obesity, alcohol, family history, and smoking. There are two types of hypertension, namely primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is more common, occurring in 90-95% of the hypertension population. There is no identifiable cause and it develops gradually over many years. Secondary hypertension occurs in 5-10% of the hypertension population. () In the year 2000 it was estimated that the total number of adults with hypertension was 972 million. Of these, 333 million were estimated to be in developed countries and 639 million in developing countries (0). Kearney PM et al., predicted that by the year 2025, the number of people with hypertension will increase by approximately 60% to a total of 1.56 billion. (Kearney PM et al., 2005) the reasons are the continuing population increase and changes in lifestyle, which includes a diet high in sugar and high-fat processed foods and sedentarism. 1.3 Impact of chronic disease in the Caribbean Caribbean countries are in epidemiological transition, where not only nutritional deficiencies have considerably declined but infectious diseases have also been disappearing. However, over the last thirty years, nutrition-related chronic non-communicable diseases have slowly emerged as the major public health problems. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have gradually displaced communicable diseases in the Caribbean. Rates of chronic non-communicable disease such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer have been increasing in the Caribbean and are the leading cause of mortality and mobility in the region (Ragoobirsinghet al., 1995, 2002; Wilkset al., 1998, 1999; Figueroaet al., 1999; Rotimi et al., 1999; Cruickshanket al., 2001, Figueroa, 2001; Sargeantet al., 2001; Henniset al., 2002a,b; Corbinet al., 2004; Wolfeet al., 2006). Of concern is the fact that while the prevalence and mortality rates of these diseases are highest in the elderly, they are not restricted to any one age group. An estimated 10% to 20% of the Caribbean population over 20 years of age suffers from diabetes and hypertension, respectively, with prevalence more than doubling at older ages (Hennis et al., 2002a, b). Hypertension and diabetes rank as the two leading chronic disorders among Caribbean populations and are also major risk factors for other diseases such as cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and coronary heart disease. Prevalence of chronic diseases in the Caribbean region over the pass 3 decades Another striking epidemic among the Caribbean population is the high prevalence of overweight [body mass index (BMI) >25 kg mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2] and obesity (BMI >30 kg mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2). Approximately half of the adult Caribbean population is overweight and 25% of adult Caribbean women are obese (Henry, 2004). The escalating trend in obesity is considered to be a major causative factor in chronic disease prevalence in the region. The increasing obesity levels, mainly among women, maybe associated with the changes in traditional diets and the adoption of sedentary lifestyles. In some the islands more than half of adult women are reported to be obese. Data from Barbados highlights the importance of obesity as a risk factor in chronic diseases. Based on available evidence, obese persons, (BMI>30) of 40-79 years had a 2.6 times greater risk of hypertension than persons with BMI 1.4 Impact of chronic disease in St. Lucia St. Lucia has undergone a significant demographic transition in the last 3 decades (Wilks, et al., 1998). Some features of this transition include the rise in the median age of the population from 20 years to 15 years between 1970 and 2010, the doubling of the proportion of persons older than 60 years old from 5000 to over 17,000 and the increase in life expectancy at birth from less than 50 years in 1950 to greater than 73 years in 2010 (World population prospectus, 2008). As a result, the main causes of illness and death in St. Lucia and many other Caribbean islands and regions at a similar state of development are the chronic non-communicable diseases (Sargeant et al., 2001). There is an increased prevalence of diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and obesity. (Wilks et al., 1998). Between 1992-1999 in St. Lucia, preventable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and circulatory systems accounted for 20.8% of deaths, with the major causes being cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and hypertensive disease. Other major causes of death were cancers (14.5%), disease of the digestive system (8.7%), and diabetes (7.2%) (8). Approximately 1,304 deaths were due to diseases of the circulatory system and was accounted for 33% of all reported deaths, death due to cerebrovascular was (35.9%), hypertensive disease (14.8%), and ischemic heart disease (13.6%) (Health in America, 1998). There were 731 deaths due to cardiovascular disease from 1996 to 1999, accounting for 19% of all deaths and 53 % of deaths ratio of 5.8:1. Most (21 or 62%) occurred in the 15-44 years age group, and had a male-female ratio of 9.5:1. Cardiac arrest caused 268 cardiovascular deaths (37%), ischemic heart disease 174 (24%), pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart disease 134 (18%), and heart failure 153 (21%). Females accounted for 359 (49%) of deaths due to cardiovascular disease, and persons 60 years of age or older accounted for 588 deaths (80%). (WHO statistics). Based on PAHO statistic St. Lucia is the tenth leading island in the Caribbean with high rates of non- communicable chronic disease, accounting for approximately 63%. Over the years prevalence of non communicable diseases have been increasing, in a survey done by the Kairi consultants limited in association with the national assessment team of St. Lucia concluded the following findings for the year 2005 to 2006 for the distribution of chronic disease in St. Lucia. Irrespective of per capita consumption quintile, high blood pressure was the most prevalent lifestyle disease affecting persons with diseases in St. Lucia. In every quintile group, it also shows that the prevalence of diabetes ranks second to high blood pressure as a life time disease affecting persons with diseases in St. Lucia. In each of the quintile groups, more than three fifths of the persons with diseases reported suffering from high blood pressure while more than one quarter reported suffering from diabetes. In the year 2007 diabetes and Hypertension were the two the most pervasive and worsening health problems facing the island of St Lucia. The diseases afflict a broad swath of people, young and old. St. Lucia has a population of approximately 160,000 thousand people, and of this 28.1%of the population have abnormal blood glucose or high blood sugar and 8.1% have diabetes (Graven et al., 2007). 20% of people over 40 years of age suffer with the disease (the ministry of health 2007). At least 35% of those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus do not know that they have the condition (The Ministry of Health, 2008). In rural area of St. Lucia the proportion with undiagnosed diabetes is considerably higher (St. Lucia Diabetic Society, 2008). At the time of diagnosis, every tenth person with diabetes has already developed one or more micro- or macro-vascular complications (Ministry of Health, 2008). Diabetes is among the leading cause of death. If inadequately treated, diabetes can cause blindness, kidney disease, nerve disease, amputations, heart disease, and stroke. Even conscientious and well-treated diabetics frequently suffer from these complications and have above-average medical costs. If observed, the Native St. Lucian has many barriers to health education, which basically involves their culture, lifestyle, accessibility and socio-economic status. For instance, St. Lucian is currently experiencing a crisis of poverty. People from lower socioeconomic status have poorer health than those in higher socioeconomic positions. Various studies have reported the relationship between low socioeconomic status and the development of chronic disease ((Lynch et al, 2000; Stelmach et al, 2009; Supriya et al, 2009). Recent poverty assessments in St. Lucia estimate that 18.7% of households and 25% of the population live in poverty. Income inequality is high, with 26% of the population characterized as chronically poor (MPDEH, 2003). That same report estimated that a decade later in 2005/06 the poverty rate had increased to 28.8% of the population( Government of St. Lucia( GOVST), The assessment of Poverty volume1, 2006) .The highest poverty rates in2005/06 were in the districts of Anse La Raye/Canaries (44.9%), Micoud (43.6%),Soufriere (42.5%) and Laborie (42.1%). The poverty gap and poverty severity also occurred in these same districts (GOVST, 2006) Furthermore, because of poverty and living in rural areas, most people consume less expensive and often high fat foods, and less fruits and vegetables (Henchy et al, 2000). Brown et al, (2005) described how socioeconomic position influences health among persons with diabetes. Diabetes is twice more prevalent in low income populations compared to wealthy populations (Stelmach W et al; 2009). Some explanations for this increased risk among people of low-income or resource-poor areas include increased stress, low access to medical and preventive care, and poor environment. 1.5 Diet, nutrition and chronic diseases There are clear associations between the various biomedical and behavioural chronic disease risk factors, and it is well established that diet quality and healthy eating practices play an important role in both preventing and managing chronic diseases and the factors that increase their risk (Kant A.K, 2004). The links with food and nutritional status are especially strong in the case of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their risk factors (metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia). The food we eat, in all cultural selection, defines ones health, growth and development. Risk behaviours, particularly smoking and sedentarism, alter the result (). All this takes place in a social, cultural, political and economic environment that can exacerbate the health of populations. Diet is a key component in predisposing to chronic disease, mainly where diet is energy dense causing positive energy balance and obesity. Adoption of western diet which are high in fats , aminal protein, refined carbohydrates and low in fibre, fruits and vegetable can further increase one risk of developing no of more chronic disease(). Several studies have demonstrated a prudent diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fish and wholegrain to be associated with a decline in chronic disease risk such as diabetes (Van Dam et al., 2002; Anne-Helen Harding et al., 2004) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates food source are the most important source of calories for the worlds population mainly because of their low cost and wide availability (). Although Carbohydrates is easily accessible and widely eaten carbohydrate is a key dietary component affecting insulin secretion and postprandial glycemia and is implicated in the etiology of many chronic diseases (Brand-Miller JC et al., 2004). Both the quantity and type of carbohydrate eaten have consequences on insulin secretion and postprandial glycemia. Foods with a rich glycemic index (or glycemic load) produce high rates in blood glucose.  Diets including large quantities of high GL foods increase the risk of diabetes, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and overall chronic disease (Barclay AW et al., 2008). Dietary fibres Epidemiological evidence has shown that foods rich in fibre help glycaemic control in diseases such as type 2 diabetic patients(). A diet high in fibre helps in control blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes. It also helps with colon health as the high fibre diet with smoothing the stool and facilitates to weight loss (). Fats Dietary fat is one of the most influential nutrients in health. Fats has many functions in the human body, As well as to providing more than twice the energy supplied by carbohydrates and proteins and supplying essential fatty acids, fats slows digestion of carbohydrates in order to fuel the brain he fats serve as carriers for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and as parts of cell membranes(). The overconsumption of fat, mainly saturated fat, has been linked to six of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide ().Coronary heart disease and cancer ().There is a strong link between dietary fat consumption and risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, such as colon, breast, prostate, and ovary cancer (). Several studies over the past 30 years have verified the relationship of high dietary fat intake with higher mortality due to various cancers (). Some saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterol levels and, thus, increase the risk of atherosclerosis (). High fat, intake is a main cause of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gallbladder disease (). Studies have show that countries with higher per capita intakes of fat, especially animal fat, have higher incidence rates of certain cancers, including breast, colon, prostate, and pancreas.[41] Migrational studies show that when individuals move from a country of low fat intake to one of high fat intake, the risk of some cancers increases [42] . Vitamins Vitamins are essential nutrients hey are required in small amounts, but have important and specific functions such as promoting growth, reproduction and the maintenance of health. Nutritionally, they form a cohesive group of organic compounds that are required in the diet in small amounts (micrograms or milligrams per day) for the maintenance of normal health and metabolic integrity. They are thus differentiated from the essential minerals and trace elements (which are inorganic) and from essential amino and fatty acids, which are required in larger amounts. Vitamin deficiency however, may increase the risk of chronic diseases (). Suboptimal folic acid levels, along with suboptimal levels of vitamins B(6) and B(12), are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects, and colon and breast cancer() and low levels of the antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, E, and C) may increase risk for several chronic diseases. . Nutritional Transition There are now approximately 350 million obese and more than 1 billion overweight people in the world, living in both developed and developing nations. Previously, underdeveloped nations grappled with undernutrition. Now many of these countries like St. Lucia are in a transitional state and are dealing with the twin evils of under- and over nutrition. In the Caribbean nations between the 1970s and 1990s, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased from 7% in men and 20% in women in the 1970s to 22% in men and 58% in women (Ragoobirsingh D et al., 2004). The global prevalence of overweight amongst preschool children is estimated at 3.3%. Within the Caribbean region and St. Lucia has one of the highest incidences for this age group with St. Lucia having 2.5% of the 0-5 yr. population ( De Onis M et al.,October 2000) .Obesity in children and adolescents is known to have significant impact on both physical and psychosocial health, these soaring rates of obesity leads to an increase in hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, insulin resistance and abnormal glucose tolerance later in life (Reilly et al., 2003; Weiss et al., 2004). Urbanization, industrialization and transformation processes have been the main cause of this public health accomplishment. In modern cultures, demographic factors interact with social and economic factors and lead to changes in the patterns of health and diseases as hypothesized by Omrans epidemiological transition theory in the early 1970s (Orman et al., 1971). Omrans theory describes the changing pattern of mortality from the predominant communicable diseases to the emerging non-communicable diseases. In his study, Omran defined three stages of epidemiological transition, i.e. the age of pestilence and famine, the age of receding pandemics, and the age of degenerative and man-made diseases (Orman et al., 1971). 1.6 Dietary habits of St. Lucians Food habits reflect the plantation past: the typical diet contains a lot of starches, animal protein content that varies by location, and until recently, little in the way of green vegetables. Starches include various kinds of yams, dasheen, eddos, bananas and plantains, sweet potatoes, cassava and breadfruit. Most of these are boiled, served with some kind of stewed fish or meat, and accompanied by a sauce. Pepper (capsicum) sauce is always present at the table, as most dishes are not prepared spicy hot. Animal protein sources reflect the historical scarcity of this element: pork hocks, pig tail (fresh and salted), chicken back, and saltfish, (cod) salted beef, fish (tuna, flying fishing, red snapper, barracuda, sharke, sardines, jack fish). Most of the dishes are prepared with fats such as; coconut oil, lards, yellow butter. As much as St. Lucia has a wide variety of fruit they are only eaten Fruits such as; mangoes, golden apple, papaya, grapefruit, oranges, cherries, cashew, suga r apple(love apple).Main dishes are accompanied by vegetables such as, avocado, calaloo, spinach, tomatoes, okras, carrots, pigeon peas and lentils, Imported processed foods have been available for decades, but more recently account for larger parts of many meals. Foods such as pasta, rice, 1.7 Cause for chronic non-communicable diseases in St. Lucia Chronic diseases have numerous risk factors, which function at different levels, from the most proximal (i.e. biological), to the most distal (i.e. structural). These risk factors can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable determinants include factors that can be altered, such as individual and community influences, living and working conditions and socio-cultural factors, non-modifiable determinants include those factors that are beyond the control of the individual, such as age, sex and hereditary factors. 1.7.1 Biological factors Some populations are susceptible to chronic disease because of inherited genes. In a south Africa a tribal group Afrikaners have been found to have familial hypercholesterolemia, a rare genetic disorder, characterised by very high low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol and early cardiovascular disease.( Steyn K et al.,1996). Genetic and lifestyle factors are considered to be the main contributors in causing type 2 diabetes (ORahilly et al; 2005). The genetic makeup of a person is as essential to the development of the disease but a person lifestyle and environmental factors can contribute significantly. Some of the major contributing factors include overweight, abdominal obesity and physical inactivity and to lesser extent intrauterine and early childhood factors (Alberti et al, 2007) 1.7.2 Early life origin The time between intrauterine growth and the development is the most vulnerable period in the life cycle and places major physiological, metabolic and psychological demand on the mother to support the growth and the development of the fetus (Allen, 2001). Good growth and development is dependent on a sufficient supply of energy and nutrients. Under nourishment during pregnancy is linked with poor pregnancy and neonatal outcomes which can have negative long term implications for the infant such as a reduction in intelligence, growth disorder, low immunity, increased morbidity, mortality and the development of a range of diseases during adulthood (Rasmussen, 2001) It is proposed that type 2 diabetes results from relative intrauterine malnutrition and the latter leads to lifelong programming (Baker et al; 1986). Children with low birth weight are most likely to experience growth restraint, whether due to intrauterine nutritional restriction or genetic predisposition to low birth weight; similar associations of low birth weight have been made for the development of diabetes (Lindsay et al; 2001). Babies who are born low birth weight tend to grow fast after birth catch-up growth, often become overweight as young children. They are most likely to develop high blood pressure and abnormal blood glucose level early in life, which future increase their risk of developing chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes (Barkeret al., 1997). The prevalence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) is approximately 6 and 9% in the Caribbean. The association between low birth weight and adult disease makes urgent the concern of these high LBW prevalence rates in the Caribbean (Henry; 2000). An under-nourishes child is normally a smaller and shorter child (0) Stunting is an indication of long standing mal and under-nutrition and is often accompanied by fat deposition, particularly around the abdominal section when faced with food in abundance. Predisposing individuals to obesity in adulthood. () Likewise children who are born to large mother and are large for their gestational age are most likely to induce insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes later in life (Bennett et al; 2002). In Jamaica children shortness at birth and increased current weight are independent predictors of insulin resistance (Bennett et al; 2002). There is significant amount of evidence, mainly from developed countries, that states intrauterine growth retardation is connected with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes and elevated blood pressure (WHO, 2002; Godfrey et al., 2000; Forsà © et al., 2000). It may be the pattern of growth, i.e. restricted fetal growth followed by very fast postnatal catch-up growth that is vital in the underlying disease pathways. Likewise, large size at birth is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (McCance DR et al., 1996; Leon DA et al., 1998). Behavioural risk factors (lifestyle factors) Lifestyles play an important role in determining chronic diseases and lifestyle changes are likely to be responsible for a significant proportion of their increase over time. 1.7.3 Poor diet Nutrition is a major modifiable determinant of chronic diseases, with scientific evidence supporting the view that modifications in diet have effects on health outcome of a person. Non-communicable diseases are linked to high consumption of energy dense foods, made of animal origin and of foods processed or prepared with added fat, sugar and salt.() St. Lucia is undergoing rapid nutritional transition (Boyne, 2008). There has been an increase of fast-food restaurants, and an increased in the consumption of meals high in fat, sugar, and salt and a reduction in the consumption of cereals, grains, fruits, vegetables, tubers, and legumes (Jacoby et al.,2008). The increased consumption of imported foods high in fat and sodium has led to a decline of the health status of people throughout the region, with an increase in health problems such as obesity and diabetes (Report from WHO, 2003). 1.7.4 Physical inactivity Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle is linked with increased levels of obesity, breast cancer, colon cancer